Out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser
x.org · libX11
5.1MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 27 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Published severityMedium→Operational priority:Medium, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Evidence used
No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
EPSS is 0.11% for the current model date.
Compensating controls
Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
Confirm that the asset runs x.org libX11 and falls inside the recorded affected range.
Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Cross-source reconciliation
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 27 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Red Hat Product Security: 23 affected or under-investigation product states without a fixed product state in the same current advisory
Debian Security Tracker: 4 affected package states with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
Release-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
5 package states
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 4 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
Distribution release
Source package
Vendor state
Fixed version
Evidence
Debian trixietrixie · source
libx11
Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open.
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
2 current
CVE-2026-94285 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product SecuritylibX11: libX11: Denial of Service via out-of-bounds read in byte-oriented codeset parser
23 known affected
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
libX11-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
libX11-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
libX11-xcb as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
libX11.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
libX11 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
libX11-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
libX11-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
libX11.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
libX11 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
libX11-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
libX11-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
libX11.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
Summary
A flaw was found in libX11. An out-of-bounds read vulnerability in the byte-oriented codeset parser allows a malicious X Window System server to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) by crashing connected client applications. This issue may also allow the server to access limited memory contents from the client.
Remediation
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base, or stability.
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7
libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5
libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5
libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5
libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5
libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5
Summary
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
Remediation
To install this SUSE Security Update use the SUSE recommended installation methods like YaST online_update or "zypper patch".
Optional official sources
National CERT insights ?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.
Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.
Official European source
ENISA European Vulnerability Database
Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.
1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier
EUVD-2026-88177
No EUVD known-exploited evidence
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
5.1 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionPatch only the product branches with a verified fix
Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 27 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product
01
What, why and how
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
What
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
Why
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.
What
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
Why
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No confirmed evidence
No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.None recorded
No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
Likely attack path
local access → Out-of-bounds Read → disrupt the affected service
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness ?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-125: Out-of-bounds Read. The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
CVSS vector ?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L
Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CLowConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.ALowAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
UnauthenticatedDenial of serviceCWE-125
A
Official authority intelligence
Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-88177Official EUVD mapping
An out-of-bounds read in libX11's byte-oriented codeset parser in libX11 before 1.8.14 could be used by malicious X servers to crash attached X clients.
Official EUVD record ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2026-3606X.Org X11: Mehrere Schwachstellen ermöglichen Denial of Service
Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in X.Org X11 ausnutzen, um einen Denial of Service Angriff durchzuführen.
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
Status ?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
Workaround
Mitigation for this issue is either not available or the currently available options do not meet the Red Hat Product Security criteria comprising ease of use and deployment, applicability to widespread installation base, or stability.
Official vendor articles1 stored document
Linked articles are downloaded and versioned as source evidence. A CVE mention or approved update relationship does not, by itself, verify a fix for every product branch.
CVE-2026-94285 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures | SUSE →Original publisher ↗Searchable text snapshot · Captured 27 Sep 2026CVE-2026-94285
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
[Previous] [Index] [Next]
Upstream information
CVE-2026-94285 at MITRE
Description
SUSE information
Overall state of this security issue: Pending
This issue is currently rated as having moderate severity.
CVSS v3 Scores
CVSS detail SUSE
Base Score 5.1
Vector CVS
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 28 Sept 2026 · Last source change 30 Sept 2026, 12:55 UTC · CWE-125 · Out-of-bounds Read
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source ?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.FIRST · tracked since 2026-09-28
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-88177
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD awaiting enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: To install this SUSE Security Update use the SUSE recommended installation methods like YaST online_update or "zypper patch".
After
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
After
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: To install this SUSE Security Update use the SUSE recommended installation methods like YaST online_update or "zypper patch".
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; and 259 more
After
libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; and 259 more · Fixed: libX11-6-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6-32bit-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-data-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-devel-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1-32bit-1.8.10-150700.4.8.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6-1.6.2-12.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP3; libX11-6-32bit-1.6.2-12.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP3; libX11-data-1.6.2-12.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP3; libX11-xcb1-1.6.2-12.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP3; libX11-xcb1-32bit-1.6.2-12.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP3; libX11-6-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-6-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-data-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-devel-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-xcb1-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-xcb1-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-ESPOS; libX11-6-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-6-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-data-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-devel-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-xcb1-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-xcb1-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP4-LTSS; libX11-6-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-6-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-data-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-devel-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-xcb1-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-xcb1-32bit-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-ESPOS; libX11-6-1.6.5-150000.3.41.1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP5-LTSS; and 91 more
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: To install this SUSE Security Update use the SUSE recommended installation methods like YaST online_update or "zypper patch".
After
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
After
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 15 SP7; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 12 SP5; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP1; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-6-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-data as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-devel as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11-xcb1-32bit as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP2; libX11 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; libX11-6 as component of SUSE Linux Enterprise High Performance Computing 15 SP3; and 259 more · Fixed: No fixed product state is explicitly recorded in the vendor advisory.
After
libX11: < 1.8.14 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.