Published severityHigh→Operational priority:High, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Evidence used
No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
EPSS is 0.17% for the current model date.
Compensating controls
Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
Confirm that the asset runs containerd containerd and falls inside the recorded affected range.
Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Distribution package intelligence
Release-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
5 package states
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
Distribution release
Source package
Vendor state
Fixed version
Evidence
Debian trixietrixie · source
containerd
Not affectedDebian marks this release not affected (fixed-version marker 0).
Vendor fix publishedCanonical reports that a fixed source package version has been published. Repository candidate availability is not checked by BlackTree.
These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
1 current
CVE-2026-53489 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitygithub.com/containerd/containerd: containerd: Arbitrary host file read via symlink following in CRI checkpoint restore
16 known affected
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
exploit-intelligence-tech-preview/agent-client-rhel9 as a component of Exploit Intelligence
openshift-mcp-beta/openshift-mcp-server-rhel9 as a component of MCP Server for Red Hat OpenShift
mtv-candidate/mtv-api-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-cli-download-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-openstack-populator-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-operator-bundle as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-ova-provider-server-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-populator-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-rhel9-operator as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-rhv-populator-rhel8 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
mtv-candidate/mtv-virt-v2v-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization
Summary
A flaw was found in containerd, an open-source container runtime. The Container Runtime Interface (CRI) plugin incorrectly restores container logs from a checkpoint image. This vulnerability, categorized as a Path Traversal (CWE-61), allows an attacker to read arbitrary files on the host system by manipulating symlinked paths during the checkpoint restore process. This can lead to unauthorized information disclosure from the host.
Remediation
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://images.redhat.com/
Optional official sources
National CERT insights ?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.
Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.
Official European source
ENISA European Vulnerability Database
Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.
1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier
EUVD-2026-41110
No EUVD known-exploited evidence
ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.
EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days
High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
Patch available
01
What, why and how
containerd is an open-source container runtime. Versions prior to 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9 contain a bug where the CRI plugin restores container.log from a checkpoint image without validating a symlinked path. This could result in reading an arbitrary file on the host via kubectl logs. This issue has been fixed in versions 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9.
What
containerd is an open-source container runtime. Versions prior to 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9 contain a bug where the CRI plugin restores container.log from a checkpoint image without validating a symlinked path. This could result in reading an arbitrary file on the host via kubectl logs. This issue has been fixed in versions 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9.
Why
The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the file is a symbolic link that resolves to a target outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
containerd is an open-source container runtime. Versions prior to 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9 contain a bug where the CRI plugin restores container.log from a checkpoint image without validating a symlinked path. This could result in reading an arbitrary file on the host via kubectl logs. This issue has been fixed in versions 2.3.2, 2.2.5 and 2.1.9.
Why
The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the file is a symbolic link that resolves to a target outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No confirmed evidence
No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.None recorded
No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
Likely attack path
local access → UNIX Symbolic Link (Symlink) Following → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Not a CVSS 4.0 base metric
Weakness ?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-61: UNIX Symbolic Link (Symlink) Following. The product, when opening a file or directory, does not sufficiently account for when the file is a symbolic link that resolves to a target outside of the intended control sphere. This could allow an attacker to cause the product to operate on unauthorized files.
CVSS vector ?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
Common Vulnerability Scoring System 4.0: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.ATNoneAttack requirements: No additional deployment or execution condition is required.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.VCHighVulnerable-system confidentiality: A successful attack can cause a major loss.VINoneVulnerable-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.VANoneVulnerable-system availability: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SCHighSubsequent-system confidentiality: A successful attack can cause a major loss.SINoneSubsequent-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SANoneSubsequent-system availability: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
UnauthenticatedCWE-61
A
Official authority intelligence
Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-41110Official EUVD mapping
0 linked advisory records.
Official EUVD record ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2026-2009Google Cloud Platform (GKE containerd): Mehrere Schwachstellen
Ein entfernter, authentisierter Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Google Cloud Platform ausnutzen, um beliebigen Programmcode auszuführen, Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu umgehen, Daten zu manipulieren, vertrauliche Informationen offenzulegen oder einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand zu verursachen.
Official advisory ↗Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20260708Security Bulletin 8 July 2026 [PDF, 1MB]]
The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 8 July 2026 [PDF, 1MB]], published on 8 July 2026. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.
Official advisory ↗JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2026-022316Linux FoundationのcontainerdにおけるUNIX Symbolic Link のフォローに関する脆弱性
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
Status ?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
>= 2.1.0, < 2.1.9; >= 2.2.0, < 2.2.5; >= 2.3.0, < 2.3.2 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
After
>= 2.1.0, < 2.1.9; >= 2.2.0, < 2.2.5; >= 2.3.0, < 2.3.2 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://images.redhat.com/
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
exploit-intelligence-tech-preview/agent-client-rhel9 as a component of Exploit Intelligence; openshift-mcp-beta/openshift-mcp-server-rhel9 as a component of MCP Server for Red Hat OpenShift; mtv-candidate/mtv-api-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-cli-download-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-openstack-populator-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-operator-bundle as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-ova-provider-server-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-populator-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-rhel9-operator as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-rhv-populator-rhel8 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-virt-v2v-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-vsphere-xcopy-volume-populator-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; openshift-serverless-1/serverless-must-gather-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Serverless; rhceph/rhceph-promtail-rhel9 as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 6; rhceph/alloy-rhel10 as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 9 · Fixed: grype-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; grype-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; grype-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:13a4cfc07f51b5fb2c09b034546a25f19e1ada4956f3422ecfea3750237f6877_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:714c440d4104bd6c8e048cc076a40446a54c8699858ccd7c663efdedcc3a6ec5_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:a49c84a0a66b5150d5ce9c1c748d18df871a9789e09b52ba8fc28cdc0c9a61c9_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:f1272e4b51d0e7a7660f89c0dcc237c9f637f8f9974840c02ce870042efac469_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:36fbd5ff58ce8e66cd1bc715da903493a37f2911e31817db17dbc2296c356414_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:b503a08006b990547e5103c18336970dcc0fb5104c0421d27e12334f19a11863_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:d2f202633f6ec5d238eba42f385c2cd34a5785913434cbb42a3a654ca8942600_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:3f042df7942cc6d0b8792788d39b84bc2ca49249b3ffcb77ab3b7d06603cdbfe_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:4e0f605e3e76a269f451de80d0378ba27b31aa503ff6f9db9e75b0b9b279d63b_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:a476239c42d3cac3f1ba5fc2fd964ff813b96d3a2ebbf3101db2c9cfe078bf85_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:20ff23682f8cdc4643bd9bf77cf7c74370fe1797747bf741701749f69af5bf32_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:6badfa824123032935d38952b2b1950a5528172782b26756ef63c973c7ae4df7_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:90aa6d2ac25e81fe9cd29de6202ac586362228d2d7a062fb180a842b049f485e_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:fa28e9ae764c7e8d2cfa03545cca018d3d1cfdeff3424b2ff6c62cf87d60a798_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:4506477cd11d6707c14d274c5d5ce6ff70525362f3e854e29e0e2929e36a640e_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:69b37758ce924888b116d03887f9b90311763f09486c5801fb184af6856b58dc_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:bd80cb94dde1def25c86a39d5a67681d0d6a2b56cfe0527927af0d4e70e0eefb_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:fe72132112f6c67f7b2a0942c56de21c806522367e084c774744fefec9c70617_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:6e94f0a134de5aa4697db3166410d85eca7be08810b32ff09c593c677a4fa302_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:a23bbe68bd0ae322085a28e520c06824aaa46428cc9e839270357c92748e76e3_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:eea67de1407147dbcdb9d475dc5119b85c59781eee198ba29b83893908f1377f_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; and 57 more
After
exploit-intelligence-tech-preview/agent-client-rhel9 as a component of Exploit Intelligence; openshift-mcp-beta/openshift-mcp-server-rhel9 as a component of MCP Server for Red Hat OpenShift; mtv-candidate/mtv-api-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-cli-download-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-openstack-populator-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-operator-bundle as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-ova-provider-server-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-populator-controller-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-rhel9-operator as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-rhv-populator-rhel8 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-virt-v2v-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; mtv-candidate/mtv-vsphere-xcopy-volume-populator-rhel9 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Virtualization; openshift-serverless-1/serverless-must-gather-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Serverless; rhceph/rhceph-promtail-rhel9 as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 6; rhceph/alloy-rhel10 as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 9 · Fixed: grype-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; grype-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; grype-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; syft-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@src as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; trivy-main@x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Hardened Images; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:13a4cfc07f51b5fb2c09b034546a25f19e1ada4956f3422ecfea3750237f6877_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:714c440d4104bd6c8e048cc076a40446a54c8699858ccd7c663efdedcc3a6ec5_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:a49c84a0a66b5150d5ce9c1c748d18df871a9789e09b52ba8fc28cdc0c9a61c9_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9-operator@sha256:f1272e4b51d0e7a7660f89c0dcc237c9f637f8f9974840c02ce870042efac469_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:36fbd5ff58ce8e66cd1bc715da903493a37f2911e31817db17dbc2296c356414_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:b503a08006b990547e5103c18336970dcc0fb5104c0421d27e12334f19a11863_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:d2f202633f6ec5d238eba42f385c2cd34a5785913434cbb42a3a654ca8942600_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:3f042df7942cc6d0b8792788d39b84bc2ca49249b3ffcb77ab3b7d06603cdbfe_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:4e0f605e3e76a269f451de80d0378ba27b31aa503ff6f9db9e75b0b9b279d63b_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:a476239c42d3cac3f1ba5fc2fd964ff813b96d3a2ebbf3101db2c9cfe078bf85_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:20ff23682f8cdc4643bd9bf77cf7c74370fe1797747bf741701749f69af5bf32_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:6badfa824123032935d38952b2b1950a5528172782b26756ef63c973c7ae4df7_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:90aa6d2ac25e81fe9cd29de6202ac586362228d2d7a062fb180a842b049f485e_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:fa28e9ae764c7e8d2cfa03545cca018d3d1cfdeff3424b2ff6c62cf87d60a798_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:4506477cd11d6707c14d274c5d5ce6ff70525362f3e854e29e0e2929e36a640e_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:69b37758ce924888b116d03887f9b90311763f09486c5801fb184af6856b58dc_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:bd80cb94dde1def25c86a39d5a67681d0d6a2b56cfe0527927af0d4e70e0eefb_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:fe72132112f6c67f7b2a0942c56de21c806522367e084c774744fefec9c70617_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:6e94f0a134de5aa4697db3166410d85eca7be08810b32ff09c593c677a4fa302_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:a23bbe68bd0ae322085a28e520c06824aaa46428cc9e839270357c92748e76e3_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:eea67de1407147dbcdb9d475dc5119b85c59781eee198ba29b83893908f1377f_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.19; and 145 more
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.