Forge has signature forgery in Ed25519 due to missing S > L check
digitalbazaar · forge
Official source article: GitHub GHSA-Q67F-28XG-22RW ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.
7.5HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days
High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
1 current
CVE-2026-33895 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitynode-forge: Forge: Authentication bypass via forged Ed25519 cryptographic signatures
13 known affected
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-operator-bundle as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-proxy-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-rhel9-operator as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
openshift-logging/elasticsearch6-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
openshift-logging/kibana6-rhel8 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
openshift-logging/logging-curator5-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift
io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2
podman-desktop-macos-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop
podman-desktop-windows-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop
org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8
io.apicurio-apicurito as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7
io.syndesis-syndesis-parent as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7
Summary
A flaw was found in Forge (also called `node-forge`), a JavaScript library used for Transport Layer Security (TLS). The library's Ed25519 signature verification process does not correctly validate cryptographic signatures, allowing forged non-canonical signatures to be accepted. A remote attacker could exploit this signature malleability to bypass authentication and authorization logic. This vulnerability can also circumvent security checks in applications that rely on the uniqueness of cryptographic signatures for functions such as deduplication or preventing replay attacks.
Remediation
For details on how to apply this update, refer to Ansible Automation Platform documentation.
Optional official sources
National CERT insights ?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.
Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.
Official European source
ENISA European Vulnerability Database
Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.
1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier
EUVD-2026-16835
No EUVD known-exploited evidence
Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.
EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
7.5 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days
High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
Patch available
01
What, why and how
Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.
What
Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.
Why
The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.
Why
The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No confirmed evidence
No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.Reference recorded
CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.
Likely attack path
a network path → Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness ?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-347: Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature. The product does not verify, or incorrectly verifies, the cryptographic signature for data.
CVSS vector ?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N
Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.ANoneAvailability impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-16835Official EUVD mapping
Forge (also called `node-forge`) is a native implementation of Transport Layer Security in JavaScript. Prior to version 1.4.0, Ed25519 signature verification accepts forged non-canonical signatures where the scalar S is not reduced modulo the group order (`S >= L`). A valid signature and its `S + L` variant both verify in forge, while Node.js `crypto.verify` (OpenSSL-backed) rejects the `S + L` variant, as defined by the specification. This class of signature malleability has been exploited in practice to bypass authentication and authorization logic (see CVE-2026-25793, CVE-2022-35961). Applications relying on signature uniqueness (i.e., dedup by signature bytes, replay tracking, signed-object canonicalization checks) may be bypassed. Version 1.4.0 patches the issue.
Official EUVD record ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2026-1407IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container: Mehrere Schwachstellen
Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in IBM App Connect Enterprise Certified Container ausnutzen, um beliebigen Code auszuführen, Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu umgehen, Cross-Site-Scripting-Angriffe durchzuführen, Daten zu manipulieren, vertrauliche Informationen offenzulegen oder einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand zu verursachen.
Official advisory ↗Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20260401Security Bulletin 01 Apr 2026
The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 01 Apr 2026, published on 1 April 2026. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.
Official advisory ↗CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-1233Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM
Official advisory ↗CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0581Multiples vulnérabilités dans MongoDB
De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans MongoDB. Certaines d'entre elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une exécution de code arbitraire à distance et un problème de sécurité non spécifié par l'éditeur.
Official advisory ↗JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2026-011025digitalbazaarのforgeにおけるデジタル署名の検証に関する脆弱性
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
Status ?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
For details on how to apply this update, refer to Ansible Automation Platform documentation.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 27 Mar 2026 · Last source change 4 Sept 2026, 12:04 UTC · CWE-347 · Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source ?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-16835
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-operator-bundle as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-proxy-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-rhel9-operator as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch6-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/kibana6-rhel8 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/logging-curator5-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2; podman-desktop-macos-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; podman-desktop-windows-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8; io.apicurio-apicurito as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; io.syndesis-syndesis-parent as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; quay/quay-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Quay 3 · Fixed: automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el8ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8; automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el9ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:1a883d0526f205beab9dfc51c5ac32b6a494dd950465b319076bf3a72e05e798_s390x as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:2ef62503cd347fba4ae4e9fe659a39fd7ceeb6be9b29ac8c1a1071f378ad7fbc_ppc64le as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:841c0c2af089daa79d66d73da42e9b7f1880db3ee27a1160e8e2f230f125c9f4_amd64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:91568609093559b57722d4125b472a815fabb79888a56ac5e444d34a90c5f944_arm64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:bb763e2b7a9d101f73b03b9e1c5688e7034fd9d31413e890817bd4098a7d42f9_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:80453720616cee369e9f79863ef1815a2741afdeb25d3572085d11ad54afa9a0_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9
After
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-operator-bundle as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-proxy-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-rhel9-operator as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch6-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/kibana6-rhel8 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/logging-curator5-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2; podman-desktop-macos-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; podman-desktop-windows-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8; io.apicurio-apicurito as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; io.syndesis-syndesis-parent as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; quay/quay-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Quay 3 · Fixed: automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el8ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8; automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el9ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:1a883d0526f205beab9dfc51c5ac32b6a494dd950465b319076bf3a72e05e798_s390x as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.3; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:2ef62503cd347fba4ae4e9fe659a39fd7ceeb6be9b29ac8c1a1071f378ad7fbc_ppc64le as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.3; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:841c0c2af089daa79d66d73da42e9b7f1880db3ee27a1160e8e2f230f125c9f4_amd64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.3; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:91568609093559b57722d4125b472a815fabb79888a56ac5e444d34a90c5f944_arm64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.3; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:bb763e2b7a9d101f73b03b9e1c5688e7034fd9d31413e890817bd4098a7d42f9_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:80453720616cee369e9f79863ef1815a2741afdeb25d3572085d11ad54afa9a0_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-operator-bundle as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-proxy-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-rhel9-operator as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch6-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/kibana6-rhel8 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/logging-curator5-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2; podman-desktop-macos-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; podman-desktop-windows-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8; io.apicurio-apicurito as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; io.syndesis-syndesis-parent as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; quay/quay-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Quay 3 · Fixed: automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el8ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8; automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el9ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:1a883d0526f205beab9dfc51c5ac32b6a494dd950465b319076bf3a72e05e798_s390x as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.2; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:2ef62503cd347fba4ae4e9fe659a39fd7ceeb6be9b29ac8c1a1071f378ad7fbc_ppc64le as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.2; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:841c0c2af089daa79d66d73da42e9b7f1880db3ee27a1160e8e2f230f125c9f4_amd64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.2; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:91568609093559b57722d4125b472a815fabb79888a56ac5e444d34a90c5f944_arm64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.2; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:bb763e2b7a9d101f73b03b9e1c5688e7034fd9d31413e890817bd4098a7d42f9_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:80453720616cee369e9f79863ef1815a2741afdeb25d3572085d11ad54afa9a0_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9
After
openshift-logging/elasticsearch-operator-bundle as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-proxy-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch-rhel9-operator as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/elasticsearch6-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/kibana6-rhel8 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; openshift-logging/logging-curator5-rhel9 as a component of Logging Subsystem for Red Hat OpenShift; io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2; podman-desktop-macos-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; podman-desktop-windows-1-0 as a component of Red Hat Build of Podman Desktop; org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8; io.apicurio-apicurito as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; io.syndesis-syndesis-parent as a component of Red Hat Fuse 7; quay/quay-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Quay 3 · Fixed: automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el8ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8; automation-gateway-server-0:2.5.20260422-3.el9ap.noarch as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:1a883d0526f205beab9dfc51c5ac32b6a494dd950465b319076bf3a72e05e798_s390x as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:2ef62503cd347fba4ae4e9fe659a39fd7ceeb6be9b29ac8c1a1071f378ad7fbc_ppc64le as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:841c0c2af089daa79d66d73da42e9b7f1880db3ee27a1160e8e2f230f125c9f4_amd64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/cluster-observability-operator/logging-console-plugin-pf4-rhel9@sha256:91568609093559b57722d4125b472a815fabb79888a56ac5e444d34a90c5f944_arm64 as a component of Cluster Observability Operator 1.5.0; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:bb763e2b7a9d101f73b03b9e1c5688e7034fd9d31413e890817bd4098a7d42f9_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.8; registry.redhat.io/rhdh/rhdh-hub-rhel9@sha256:80453720616cee369e9f79863ef1815a2741afdeb25d3572085d11ad54afa9a0_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Developer Hub 1.9
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
< 1.4.0 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
After
forge: < 1.4.0 · Fixed: RHSA-2026:24761: Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 8, Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2.5 for RHEL 9
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.