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Full vulnerability report · 2026
CVE-2026-33131High confidence

h3 has a middleware bypass with one gadget

h3js · h3

Official source article: GitHub GHSA-3VJ8-JMXQ-CGJ5 ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

7.4HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days

High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Fix not verified
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityHighOperational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 20 Mar 2026

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
  • EPSS is 0.44% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs h3js h3 and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Recheck the vendor advisory before scheduling a change because no verified fixed version is currently retained.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 3 daysRemediation target: Within 90 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Open-source package ranges1 source-attributed range

These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.

Ecosystem and packageAffected rangeFirst fixed versionEvidence
npmh3>= 2.0.0-0, < 2.0.1-rc.152.0.1-rc.15GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 20 Mar 2026
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2026-13672

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days

High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Fix not verified
01

What, why and how

H3 is a minimal H(TTP) framework. Versions 2.0.0-0 through 2.0.1-rc.14 contain a Host header spoofing vulnerability in the NodeRequestUrl (which extends FastURL) which allows middleware bypass. When event.url, event.url.hostname, or event.url._url is accessed, such as in a logging middleware, the _url getter constructs a URL from untrusted data, including the user-controlled Host header. Because H3's router resolves the route handler before middleware runs, an attacker can supply a crafted Host header (e.g., Host: localhost:3000/abchehe?) to make the middleware path check fail while the route handler still matches, effectively bypassing authentication or authorization middleware. This affects any application built on H3 (including Nitro/Nuxt) that accesses event.url properties in middleware guarding sensitive routes. The issue requires an immediate fix to prevent FastURL.href from being constructed with unsanitized, attacker-controlled input. Version 2.0.1-rc.15 contains a patch for this issue.

What

H3 is a minimal H(TTP) framework. Versions 2.0.0-0 through 2.0.1-rc.14 contain a Host header spoofing vulnerability in the NodeRequestUrl (which extends FastURL) which allows middleware bypass. When event.url, event.url.hostname, or event.url._url is accessed, such as in a logging middleware, the _url getter constructs a URL from untrusted data, including the user-controlled Host header. Because H3's router resolves the route handler before middleware runs, an attacker can supply a crafted Host header (e.g., Host: localhost:3000/abchehe?) to make the middleware path check fail while the route handler still matches, effectively bypassing authentication or authorization middleware. This affects any application built on H3 (including Nitro/Nuxt) that accesses event.url properties in middleware guarding sensitive routes. The issue requires an immediate fix to prevent FastURL.href from being constructed with unsanitized, attacker-controlled input. Version 2.0.1-rc.15 contains a patch for this issue.

Why

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

H3 is a minimal H(TTP) framework. Versions 2.0.0-0 through 2.0.1-rc.14 contain a Host header spoofing vulnerability in the NodeRequestUrl (which extends FastURL) which allows middleware bypass. When event.url, event.url.hostname, or event.url._url is accessed, such as in a logging middleware, the _url getter constructs a URL from untrusted data, including the user-controlled Host header. Because H3's router resolves the route handler before middleware runs, an attacker can supply a crafted Host header (e.g., Host: localhost:3000/abchehe?) to make the middleware path check fail while the route handler still matches, effectively bypassing authentication or authorization middleware. This affects any application built on H3 (including Nitro/Nuxt) that accesses event.url properties in middleware guarding sensitive routes. The issue requires an immediate fix to prevent FastURL.href from being constructed with unsanitized, attacker-controlled input. Version 2.0.1-rc.15 contains a patch for this issue.

Why

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.

Likely attack path
a network path → Authentication Bypass by Spoofing → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-290 ↗

CWE-290: Authentication Bypass by Spoofing. This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.ANoneAvailability impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-290Public exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20260325Security Bulletin 25 Mar 2026

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 25 Mar 2026, published on 25 March 2026. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2026-008114H3におけるスプーフィングによる認証回避に関する脆弱性

H3は最小限のHTTPフレームワークです。バージョン2.0.0-0から2.0.1-rc.14までには、NodeRequestUrl(FastURLを拡張したもの)におけるHostヘッダーのなりすまし脆弱性が含まれており、これによりミドルウェアのバイパスが可能です。loggingミドルウェアなどでevent.url、event.url.hostname、またはevent.url._urlにアクセスすると、_urlゲッターはユーザーが制御するHostヘッダーを含む信頼されていないデータからURLを構築します。H3のルーターはミドルウェアが実行される前にルートハンドラを解決するため、攻撃者は細工されたHostヘッダー(例:Host: localhost:3000/abchehe?)を送信してミドルウェアのパスチェックを失敗させつつルートハンドラのマッチングを維持し、認証または認可ミドルウェアを実質的にバイパスできます。この影響はevent.urlプロパティにアクセスする敏感なルートを保護するミドルウェアがあるH3(Nitro/Nuxtを含む)ベースのすべてのアプリケーションに及びます。この問題はFastURL.hrefがサニタイズされていない攻撃者制御の入力から構築されるのを防ぐ必要があり、即時の修正が求められます。バージョン2.0.1-rc.15には本問題の修正パッチが含まれています。

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix not verified
Affected
h3: >= 2.0.0-0, < 2.0.1-rc.15
Fixed
No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Action
No verified patch reference is present in the current structured sources. Check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 20 Mar 2026 · Last source change 20 Mar 2026, 11:25 UTC · CWE-290 · Authentication Bypass by Spoofing

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-13672
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗

No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.

Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2026-33131 · cve.blacktree.nl