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Full vulnerability report · 2026
CVE-2026-13311High confidence

shell-quote parse() is quadratic in token count, enabling denial of service

ljharb · shell-quote

Official source article: GitHub GHSA-395F-4HP3-45GV ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

8.7HighCVSS 4.0
Recommended action
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix

High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityHighOperational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 25 Jun 2026

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
  • EPSS is 0.60% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs ljharb shell-quote and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 3 daysRemediation target: Within 90 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Cross-source reconciliation

Remediation availability differs by product scope

Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Distribution package intelligence

Release-specific package status

Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.

5 package states
Package result overrides the generic status

BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 2 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.

Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Distribution releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Debian trixietrixie · sourcenode-shell-quoteAffected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open.Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourcenode-shell-quoteAffected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open.Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourcenode-shell-quoteVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.1.9.0+~1.7.5-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourcenode-shell-quoteVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.1.9.0+~1.7.5-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archivenode-shell-quoteUnder evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing.Not published in this feedCanonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Open-source package ranges2 source-attributed ranges

These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.

Ecosystem and packageAffected rangeFirst fixed versionEvidence
npmshell-quote<= 1.8.41.9.0GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 20 Jul 2026
npmshell-quoteSEMVER: introduced 0; fixed 1.9.01.9.0OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2026-13311 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securityshell-quote: shell-quote/parse: shell-quote: Denial of Service due to inefficient input parsing
53 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • cryostat-openshift-console-plugin-npm as a component of Cryostat 4
  • shell-quote as a component of Cryostat 4
  • gatekeeper/gatekeeper-rhel9 as a component of Gatekeeper 3
  • rhmtc/openshift-migration-ui-rhel8 as a component of Migration Toolkit for Containers
  • workload-availability/node-healthcheck-must-gather-rhel9 as a component of Node HealthCheck Operator
  • workload-availability/node-healthcheck-operator-bundle as a component of Node HealthCheck Operator
  • workload-availability/node-healthcheck-rhel9-operator as a component of Node HealthCheck Operator
  • openshift-lightspeed/lightspeed-console-plugin-419-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Lightspeed
  • openshift-lightspeed/lightspeed-console-plugin-pf5-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Lightspeed
  • openshift-lightspeed/lightspeed-console-plugin-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Lightspeed
  • openshift-pipelines/pipelines-console-plugin-pf5-rhel9 as a component of OpenShift Pipelines
  • openshift-pipelines/pipelines-console-plugin-rhel8 as a component of OpenShift Pipelines
Summary
A flaw was found in the `shell-quote` component. An attacker who can supply a specially crafted string to the `parse()` function can exploit an inefficiency in how the component processes input. This can cause the single-threaded Node.js event loop to be blocked for an extended period, leading to a denial of service (DoS) for the affected system. The vulnerability impacts the availability of the system, with no risk of code execution or data disclosure.
Remediation
For Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4.4 see the following documentation, which will be updated shortly for this release, for important instructions on how to upgrade your cluster and fully apply this errata update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_openshift_ai/
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2026-39180

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionPatch only the product branches with a verified fix

High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
01

What, why and how

shell-quote prior to 1.8.5 finalizes parsed tokens in parse() using Array.prototype.concat as a reduce accumulator, which reallocates and copies the entire growing array on every iteration. As a result parse() runs in O(n^2) time relative to the number of input tokens. An attacker who can supply an attacker-controlled string to any code path that calls parse() (no shell metacharacters are required; plain space-separated words suffice) can block the single-threaded Node.js event loop for an extended period with a small input, resulting in a denial of service. There is no code execution or data disclosure; impact is to availability only. Fixed in 1.8.5.

What

shell-quote prior to 1.8.5 finalizes parsed tokens in parse() using Array.prototype.concat as a reduce accumulator, which reallocates and copies the entire growing array on every iteration. As a result parse() runs in O(n^2) time relative to the number of input tokens. An attacker who can supply an attacker-controlled string to any code path that calls parse() (no shell metacharacters are required; plain space-separated words suffice) can block the single-threaded Node.js event loop for an extended period with a small input, resulting in a denial of service. There is no code execution or data disclosure; impact is to availability only. Fixed in 1.8.5.

Why

An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

What

shell-quote prior to 1.8.5 finalizes parsed tokens in parse() using Array.prototype.concat as a reduce accumulator, which reallocates and copies the entire growing array on every iteration. As a result parse() runs in O(n^2) time relative to the number of input tokens. An attacker who can supply an attacker-controlled string to any code path that calls parse() (no shell metacharacters are required; plain space-separated words suffice) can block the single-threaded Node.js event loop for an extended period with a small input, resulting in a denial of service. There is no code execution or data disclosure; impact is to availability only. Fixed in 1.8.5.

Why

An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.

Likely attack path
a network path → Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity → disrupt the affected service
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Not a CVSS 4.0 base metric
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-407 ↗

CWE-407: Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity. An algorithm in a product has an inefficient worst-case computational complexity that may be detrimental to system performance and can be triggered by an attacker, typically using crafted manipulations that ensure that the worst case is being reached.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 4.0: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.ATNoneAttack requirements: No additional deployment or execution condition is required.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.VCNoneVulnerable-system confidentiality: No direct loss is represented by this metric.VINoneVulnerable-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.VAHighVulnerable-system availability: A successful attack can cause a major loss.SCNoneSubsequent-system confidentiality: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SINoneSubsequent-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SANoneSubsequent-system availability: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
Stolen credentials, tokens and legitimate administration functions may provide continued access without deploying a large custom toolset.
NetworkUnauthenticatedDenial of serviceCWE-407Public exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20260701Security Bulletin 1 July 2026

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 1 July 2026, published on 1 July 2026. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-1233Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM

d?id=CVE-2025-68470 Référence CVE CVE-2025-71329 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-71329 Référence CVE CVE-2025-71330 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-71330 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12185 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12185 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12590 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12590 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12803 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12803 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12816 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12816 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12860 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12860 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13149 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13149 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13311 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13311 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13505 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13505 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13506 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13506 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13586 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13586 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13676 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13676 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13697 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13697 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14257 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14257 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14620 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14620 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14631 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-1094Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM

d?id=CVE-2026-11541 Référence CVE CVE-2026-11806 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-11806 Référence CVE CVE-2026-11897 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-11897 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12143 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12143 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12151 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12151 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12243 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12243 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12413 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12413 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12505 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12505 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13149 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13149 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13311 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13311 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13676 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13676 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14380 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14380 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14446 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14446 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14474 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14474 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14476 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14476 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14512 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14512 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14515 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14515 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14528 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0958Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM

VERecord?id=CVE-2025-7338 Référence CVE CVE-2025-7783 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-7783 Référence CVE CVE-2026-0636 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-0636 Référence CVE CVE-2026-0994 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-0994 Référence CVE CVE-2026-10536 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-10536 Référence CVE CVE-2026-11856 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-11856 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12143 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12143 Référence CVE CVE-2026-12590 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-12590 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13149 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13149 Référence CVE CVE-2026-13311 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-13311 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14446 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14446 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14512 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14512 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14515 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14515 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14528 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14528 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14529 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14529 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14974 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14974 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14976 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-14976 Référence CVE CVE-2026-14980 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2026-021395shell-quote projectのshell-quoteにおけるアルゴリズムの複雑さに関する脆弱性

shell-quote バージョン 1.8.5 より前の parse() 関数では、Array.prototype.concat を reduce の累積変数として使用して解析済みトークンを確定しており、そのため毎回配列全体が再割り当ておよびコピーされてしまいます。その結果、parse() は入力トークン数に対して O(n^2) の時間で動作します。攻撃者は、parse() を呼び出すコードパスに攻撃者制御可能な文字列を渡すことができ(シェルのメタ文字は不要で、単純な空白区切りの単語で十分です)、少量の入力でシングルスレッドの Node.js イベントループを長時間ブロックさせてサービス拒否を引き起こす可能性があります。コードの実行やデータの漏洩は発生せず、影響は可用性に限られます。本問題はバージョン 1.8.5 で修正されました。

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix availability varies by product
Affected
Fixed
Action
Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 25 Jun 2026 · Last source change 25 Jun 2026, 12:49 UTC · CWE-407 · Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-39180
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    ≤ 1.8.4 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    ≤ 1.8.4 · Fixed: For Red Hat OpenShift AI 3.4.4 see the following documentation, which will be updated shortly for this release, for important instructions on how to upgrade your cluster and fully apply this errata update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_openshift_ai/
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
  2. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.
    Before
    Awaiting fix
    After
    Patch available
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2026-13311 · cve.blacktree.nl