BlackTreeIndependent security intelligence
← Back to the CVE catalogue
Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-61663High confidence

Grub2: missing unregister call for normal commands may lead to use-after-free

GNU · grub2

4.9MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Scheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Mitigation available
Distribution package intelligence

Ubuntu vendor package status

Canonical’s release and source-package findings are shown separately from local repository availability.

2 package states
Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Ubuntu releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archivegrub2-signedUnder evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing.Not published in this feedCanonical record ↗Source updated 9 Sept 2026
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archivegrub2-unsignedUnder evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing.Not published in this feedCanonical record ↗Source updated 9 Sept 2026
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2025-61663 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitygrub2: Missing unregister call for normal commands may lead to use-after-free
75 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-aa64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-ppc64le-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • grub2-tools as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
Summary
A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.
Remediation
There's no available mitigation for this vulnerability.
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Select the national-authority views to include. The exact source language is shown on each matched advisory. Your choice is remembered on this device and encoded in the shareable URL.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-198080

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
4.9 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionScheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Mitigation available
01

What, why and how

A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.

What

A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.

Why

The product dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

What

A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.

Why

The product dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
local access → Expired Pointer Dereference → disrupt the affected service
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-825 ↗

CWE-825: Expired Pointer Dereference. The product dereferences a pointer that contains a location for memory that was previously valid, but is no longer valid.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CLowConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.ILowIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.ALowAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
UnauthenticatedDenial of serviceCWE-825
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-198080Official EUVD mapping

A vulnerability has been identified in the GRUB2 bootloader's normal command that poses an immediate Denial of Service (DoS) risk. This flaw is a Use-after-Free issue, caused because the normal command is not properly unregistered when the module is unloaded. An attacker who can execute this command can force the system to access memory locations that are no longer valid. Successful exploitation leads directly to system instability, which can result in a complete crash and halt system availability. Impact on the data integrity and confidentiality is also not discarded.

Official EUVD record
BSI · German · WID-SEC-W-2026-0778Dell Secure Connect Gateway Policy Manager: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Dell Secure Connect Gateway Policy Manager ausnutzen, um einen nicht näher spezifizierten Angriff durchzuführen.

Official advisory
BSI · German · WID-SEC-W-2025-2638Grub: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Grub ausnutzen, um beliebigen Programmcode auszuführen, und um einen Denial of Service Angriff durchzuführen.

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0326Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

ERecord?id=CVE-2025-59692 Référence CVE CVE-2025-59830 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59830 Référence CVE CVE-2025-6069 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-6069 Référence CVE CVE-2025-6075 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-6075 Référence CVE CVE-2025-60753 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-60753 Référence CVE CVE-2025-60876 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-60876 Référence CVE CVE-2025-6141 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-6141 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61661 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61661 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61662 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61662 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61663 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61663 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61664 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61664 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61723 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61723 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61724 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61724 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61725 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61725 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61726 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61726 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61727 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61727 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61728 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61728 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61729 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0316Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

ord?id=CVE-2025-59465 Référence CVE CVE-2025-59466 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59466 Référence CVE CVE-2025-59691 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59691 Référence CVE CVE-2025-59692 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-59692 Référence CVE CVE-2025-60753 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-60753 Référence CVE CVE-2025-60876 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-60876 Référence CVE CVE-2025-6141 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-6141 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61661 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61661 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61662 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61662 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61663 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61663 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61664 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61664 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61723 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61723 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61724 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61724 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61725 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61725 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61726 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61726 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61727 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61727 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61728 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-61728 Référence CVE CVE-2025-61729 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-1064Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits Microsoft

1230 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-11731 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-13193 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-13226 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-13227 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-13230 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-54770 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-54771 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-61661 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-61662 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-61663 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-61664 du 21 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-40210 du 22 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-40211 du 22 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-64505 du 26 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-64506 du 27 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-64720 du 27 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-65018 du 27 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-38656 du 28 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-2025-12816 du 29 novembre 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft CVE-

Official advisory
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Mitigation available
Affected
grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-minimal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-ppc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; and 45 more
Fixed
No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Action
No verified patch reference is present in the current structured sources. Check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Workaround
There's no available mitigation for this vulnerability.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 18 Nov 2025 · Last source change 1 Sept 2026, 11:53 UTC · CWE-825 · Expired Pointer Dereference

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-198080
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD not scheduled

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates →
  1. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-minimal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-ppc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; and 44 more
    After
    grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-ppc64le-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2-tools-minimal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10; grub2 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-common as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-aa64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-ia32-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-cdboot as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-efi-x64-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-pc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; grub2-ppc-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; and 45 more
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-198080↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-61663 · cve.blacktree.nl