Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
- EPSS is 0.57% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-5889High confidence
juliangruber brace-expansion index.js expand redos
juliangruber · brace-expansion
2.3LowCVSS 4.0
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productLow technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityLow→Operational priority:Medium, raised one band.upgradedsince 11 Jun 2025
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
- Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs juliangruber brace-expansion and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Debian Security Tracker: 1 affected package state with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
5 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 1 affected package state shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | node-brace-expansion | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.0.1+~1.1.0-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | node-brace-expansion | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | node-brace-expansion | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.0.1+~1.1.0-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | node-brace-expansion | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.0.1+~1.1.0-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | node-brace-expansion | Under evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Open-source package ranges8 source-attributed ranges
These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.
| Ecosystem and package | Affected range | First fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| npmbrace-expansion | >= 2.0.0, <= 2.0.1 | 2.0.2 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 11 Jun 2025 |
| npmbrace-expansion | >= 1.0.0, <= 1.1.11 | 1.1.12 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 11 Jun 2025 |
| npmbrace-expansion | = 3.0.0 | 3.0.1 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 11 Jun 2025 |
| npmbrace-expansion | = 4.0.0 | 4.0.1 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 11 Jun 2025 |
| npmbrace-expansion | SEMVER: introduced 2.0.0; fixed 2.0.2 | 2.0.2 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| npmbrace-expansion | SEMVER: introduced 1.0.0; fixed 1.1.12 | 1.1.12 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| npmbrace-expansion | SEMVER: introduced 3.0.0; fixed 3.0.1 | 3.0.1 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| npmbrace-expansion | SEMVER: introduced 4.0.0; fixed 4.0.1 | 4.0.1 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
Direct vendor intelligence
1 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2025-5889 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitybrace-expansion: juliangruber brace-expansion index.js expand redos
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- io.cryostat-cryostat as a component of Cryostat 4
- org.jolokia-jolokia-parent as a component of Red Hat AMQ Broker 7
- ansible-automation-platform-24/lightspeed-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- ansible-automation-platform-25/lightspeed-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- ansible-automation-platform-26/lightspeed-rhel9 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-controller.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-eda-controller.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-gateway.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- io.hawt-project as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel - HawtIO 4
- io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2
- org.optaweb.vehiclerouting-optaweb-vehicle-routing as a component of Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8
- brace-expansion.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 4
- Summary
- A denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability has been identified in the brace-expansion JavaScript package. This issue occurs due to inefficient regular expression complexity, which can be exploited by an attacker providing specially crafted input. Such input could lead to excessive processing time and resource consumption, rendering applications that utilize this package unresponsive and causing a denial-of-service condition.
- Remediation
- The container images provided by this update can be downloaded from the Red Hat container registry at registry.redhat.io using the "podman pull" command.
Low technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
A vulnerability was found in juliangruber brace-expansion up to 1.1.11/2.0.1/3.0.0/4.0.0. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is the function expand of the file index.js. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. The attack may be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.1.12, 2.0.2, 3.0.1 and 4.0.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is a5b98a4f30d7813266b221435e1eaaf25a1b0ac5. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
What
A vulnerability was found in juliangruber brace-expansion up to 1.1.11/2.0.1/3.0.0/4.0.0. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is the function expand of the file index.js. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. The attack may be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.1.12, 2.0.2, 3.0.1 and 4.0.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is a5b98a4f30d7813266b221435e1eaaf25a1b0ac5. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Why
The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
A vulnerability was found in juliangruber brace-expansion up to 1.1.11/2.0.1/3.0.0/4.0.0. It has been rated as problematic. Affected by this issue is the function expand of the file index.js. The manipulation leads to inefficient regular expression complexity. The attack may be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation is known to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.1.12, 2.0.2, 3.0.1 and 4.0.1 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is a5b98a4f30d7813266b221435e1eaaf25a1b0ac5. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Why
The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material Reference recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.
- Likely attack path
- a network path → Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Network
- Privileges required
- Low: a basic authenticated account is required
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
- Security boundary
- Not a CVSS 4.0 base metric
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-1333 ↗
CWE-1333: Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity. The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:PCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 4.0: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.ATNoneAttack requirements: No additional deployment or execution condition is required.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.VCNoneVulnerable-system confidentiality: No direct loss is represented by this metric.VINoneVulnerable-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.VALowVulnerable-system availability: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.SCNoneSubsequent-system confidentiality: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SINoneSubsequent-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SANoneSubsequent-system availability: No direct loss is represented by this metric.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Affected
- io.cryostat-cryostat as a component of Cryostat 4
- org.jolokia-jolokia-parent as a component of Red Hat AMQ Broker 7
- ansible-automation-platform-24/lightspeed-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- ansible-automation-platform-25/lightspeed-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- ansible-automation-platform-26/lightspeed-rhel9 as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-controller.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-eda-controller.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- automation-gateway.src as a component of Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform 2
- io.hawt-project as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel - HawtIO 4
- io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2
- org.optaweb.vehiclerouting-optaweb-vehicle-routing as a component of Red Hat build of OptaPlanner 8
- brace-expansion.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 4
- brace-expansion.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 5
- brace-expansion.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 6
- brace-expansion.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 8
- org.infinispan-infinispan-console as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8
- redhat-ds:11/389-ds-base.src as a component of Red Hat Directory Server 11
- 389-ds-base as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- 389-ds-base-bdb as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- 389-ds-base-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- 389-ds-base-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- 389-ds-base-snmp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- 389-ds-base.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-full-i18n as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-nodemon as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- nodejs-nodemon.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
- and 114 more
- Fixed
- registry.redhat.io/rhceph/rhceph-7-rhel9@sha256:57eaf98ed402584fca1e6b804ad97fbf2287219ad617f69c96b0cd48279e7a98_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 7.1
- registry.redhat.io/rhceph/rhceph-7-rhel9@sha256:be5cbfcebfac4d05e8b1e6c39e00a7571987d1a7efd995b4ea6333c8c0a7e812_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 7.1
- registry.redhat.io/rhceph/rhceph-7-rhel9@sha256:fe482274c22406b77c3fd4bd4822b10f0d1e94bdc7a69fa1843a2f3d85860c8a_s390x as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 7.1
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:931fcca9e7cb6f6c7454a72b533cbe4d767438e374848b846f079a3c2d323901_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:b4568ee6f890f98c1ac67b7115931a0f16bb1d69f3863ce554efddf64ce7b765_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/cephcsi-rhel9@sha256:bc983cfa30512d0dbd5742a998659e0e87c28e9d32817397478190da8508130d_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-cli-rhel9@sha256:0a88403bb113a735853cc289bad5c2b5e650e5f9d28e28cf635c2fef808025b1_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-cli-rhel9@sha256:13b0299a3e045cc02e6d864398e3676b1dc038504fab8993a92b8b8fdff252c6_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-cli-rhel9@sha256:46bbbf2af16ac78fccadec959ee02a1036cef23acaa5db93c7d95b7ca6a05c75_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-cli-rhel9@sha256:d46557077f9eb02cfc217de08e3c806d92cc84f885e27484b6f0cdc3af108332_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:109ce61c700758e5057d2b465c9820c05f2d51b8f541b70c1b1bcf39fc872d35_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:152c336c76cc69fc11cd6d3957c781c8d1c733a3cbead2448efd202b35d034e2_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-core-rhel9@sha256:1a8aa05a3f37eff50915cdec070605872f17f86463285dcae212ab4094816452_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:13454f2f70870d6765f740f36582cdf8139c9ed4c0c38e5f8981eea1374771ad_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:ab2921016d982438eec637035fe678a842757b9822bf6f80936137825dacf45b_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:dcad74db55ead7c9c264415d467b08527d3beaf1b079a28ee7108c032a94ea80_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/mcg-rhel9-operator@sha256:f6bb9ef4fdc334383afeb77f5db81543ed3657186402912c374cefdf4e90588e_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:0a0e70953d2217d929b55a7a7a4c1e49c7e5f6b196b693312c252bfec2dc3843_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:2e3bcf4dcee937c986ee53ada32dc1ee7e5bdcbd161bfbc942cd6061507f13b3_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-console-rhel9@sha256:e529edb5b01923fc4c44fc8b999ca05719365c2e9ea13e579ecd29e4b4c7e02b_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:4c3a738aa7e83a7aea9161c4ef48624a275756531a3d67b13e59b600a4e644ea_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:5bb9afd3185ec19f4957fbe3d195414c02c8e0bd94d6e016525df326bc40c1e6_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:645d5fca647a051a1a23a25f577aa4a7d6520611c97c5232868a49e41156af9e_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-client-rhel9-operator@sha256:846f481d6d57e4306f4c53d9ae90c6e9e6d0af1006b7f999c4bc392b25b0183d_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-metrics-exporter-rhel9@sha256:2f3828b6ad0cdf73db157daaea35e750000f0aa2741b7e5aa679253ba76f098b_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-metrics-exporter-rhel9@sha256:d3850e64b6707d4fa8c87efd652e4b06ee122c58fe43040b371295626f7d3784_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-metrics-exporter-rhel9@sha256:daed8221087db9480c473be7564d9cd327ff9f958971301cc6229dc4079005f9_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-rhel9-operator@sha256:00cb6923e961942f4beabe19a6ad142dbff62929996728c664a1995fc76fcf8a_arm64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-rhel9-operator@sha256:a73d74c5aad19c476d2f6be7bde6763675d68342021e9654dffe4303cf8d2a2c_s390x as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- registry.redhat.io/odf4/ocs-rhel9-operator@sha256:ab7a97cfde454612e61f37486bdddca9e9c449c6ea75da71f2399d35de63ae3a_amd64 as a component of Red Hat Openshift Data Foundation 4.14
- and 467 more
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 9 Jun 2025 · Last source change 11 Jun 2025, 10:39 UTC · CWE-1333 · Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-17567
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD not scheduled
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.