Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- EPSS is 2.23% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-54100High confidence
PowerShell Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Microsoft · Windows 10 Version 1607
7.8HighCVSS 3.1
Within 7 days
Patch availableHigh technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:High, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1607 and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
Patch available01
What, why and how
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Windows PowerShell allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
What
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Windows PowerShell allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
Why
Untrusted input reaches a command interpreter without sufficient validation or separation from command syntax.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.
What
Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Windows PowerShell allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.
Why
Untrusted input reaches a command interpreter without sufficient validation or separation from command syntax.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- local access → Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection') → execute code or commands in the affected security context
- Attack surface
- Local
- Privileges required
- None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
- User interaction
- Required interaction required
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-77 ↗
CWE-77: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection'). The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:CCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UIRequiredUser interaction: Another user must perform an action for exploitation to succeed.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- After compromise, an attacker may use built-in shells, scripting engines, scheduled tasks and native network utilities for discovery, persistence or movement. This is a plausible LoTL path, not evidence that it has occurred for every attack.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Patch available
- Affected
- Windows 10 Version 1607: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688
- Windows 10 Version 1809: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146
- Windows 10 Version 21H2: 10.0.19044.0 < 10.0.19044.6691
- Windows 10 Version 22H2: 10.0.19045.0 < 10.0.19045.6691
- Windows 11 version 22H3: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.6345
- Windows 11 Version 23H2: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.6345
- Windows 11 Version 24H2: 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462
- Windows 11 Version 25H2: 10.0.26200.0 < 10.0.26200.7462
- Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1: 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.28064
- Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation): 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.28064
- Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2: 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.23666
- Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation): 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.23666
- Windows Server 2012: 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.25815
- Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation): 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.25815
- Windows Server 2012 R2: 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22920
- Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation): 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22920
- Windows Server 2016: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688
- Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation): 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688
- Windows Server 2019: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146
- Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation): 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146
- Windows Server 2022: 10.0.20348.0 < 10.0.20348.4529
- Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation): 10.0.25398.0 < 10.0.25398.2025
- Windows Server 2025: 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462
- Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation): 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462
- Action
- Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 9 Dec 2025 · Last source change 16 Apr 2026, 14:19 UTC · CWE-77 · Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-202201
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceOther authority
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- BlackTree coverageBlackTree article coverage changed from no BlackTree article to 1 BlackTree article.BlackTree editorial ↗
- Before
- no BlackTree article
- After
- 1 BlackTree article
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.CNA ↗
- Before
- 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688; 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146; 10.0.19044.0 < 10.0.19044.6691; 10.0.19045.0 < 10.0.19045.6691; 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.6345; 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462; 10.0.26200.0 < 10.0.26200.7462 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
- After
- Windows 10 Version 1607: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688; Windows 10 Version 1809: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146; Windows 10 Version 21H2: 10.0.19044.0 < 10.0.19044.6691; Windows 10 Version 22H2: 10.0.19045.0 < 10.0.19045.6691; Windows 11 version 22H3: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.6345; Windows 11 Version 23H2: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.6345; Windows 11 Version 24H2: 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462; Windows 11 Version 25H2: 10.0.26200.0 < 10.0.26200.7462; Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1: 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.28064; Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation): 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.28064; Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2: 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.23666; Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation): 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.23666; Windows Server 2012: 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.25815; Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation): 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.25815; Windows Server 2012 R2: 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22920; Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation): 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22920; Windows Server 2016: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688; Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation): 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.8688; Windows Server 2019: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146; Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation): 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.8146; Windows Server 2022: 10.0.20348.0 < 10.0.20348.4529; Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation): 10.0.25398.0 < 10.0.25398.2025; Windows Server 2025: 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462; Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation): 10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.7462 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.