Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
- EPSS is 32.96% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-48976High confidence
Apache Commons FileUpload, Apache Commons FileUpload: FileUpload DoS via part headers
Apache Software Foundation · Apache Commons FileUpload
7.5HighCVSS 3.1
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productHigh technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 5 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 5 Oct 2026
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Apache Software Foundation Apache Commons FileUpload and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 5 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Siemens ProductCERT: 1 affected or under-investigation product state without a fixed product state in the same current advisory
- Debian Security Tracker: 4 affected package states with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
17 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 4 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | libcommons-fileupload-java | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.52-1~deb13u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.15-1~deb13u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | libcommons-fileupload-java | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.52-1~deb12u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | libcommons-fileupload-java | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.46-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.11-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | libcommons-fileupload-java | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.46-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.11-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · esm-apps | tomcat10 | Under evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | libcommons-fileupload-java | Under evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Open-source package ranges4 source-attributed ranges
These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.
| Ecosystem and package | Affected range | First fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mavencommons-fileupload:commons-fileupload | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 1.0; fixed 1.6.0 | 1.6.0 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.commons:commons-fileupload2-core | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 2.0.0-M1; fixed 2.0.0-M4 | 2.0.0-M4 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| mavencommons-fileupload:commons-fileupload | >= 1.0, < 1.6.0 | 1.6.0 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.commons:commons-fileupload2-core | >= 2.0.0-M1, < 2.0.0-M4 | 2.0.0-M4 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
Direct vendor intelligence
2 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2025-48976 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securityapache-commons-fileupload: Apache Commons FileUpload DoS via part headers
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- commons-fileupload as a component of A-MQ Clients 2
- jenkins.src as a component of OpenShift Developer Tools and Services
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload2-core as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload2-jakarta as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Debezium 2
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Debezium 3
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8
- tomcat6 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- Summary
- A denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerability has been discovered in the Apache Commons FileUpload library. The flaw stems from insufficient limits placed on multipart headers during file uploads. A remote attacker could exploit this by sending a specially crafted request with an excessively large number of multipart headers. This malicious input can lead to uncontrolled memory consumption within applications utilizing the library, exhausting system resources and causing a denial of service.
- Remediation
- Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. For details on how to apply this update, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
SSA-640476 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 1 · finalSiemens ProductCERTSSA-640476: Denial of Service Vulnerability in Industrial Edge Management
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- Industrial Edge Management OS (IEM-OS)
- Summary
- Allocation of resources for multipart headers with insufficient limits enabled a DoS vulnerability in Apache Commons FileUpload.
- Remediation
- Limit access to trusted users and systems only
High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 5 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
Allocation of resources for multipart headers with insufficient limits enabled a DoS vulnerability in Apache Commons FileUpload. This issue affects Apache Commons FileUpload: from 1.0 before 1.6; from 2.0.0-M1 before 2.0.0-M4. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 1.6 or 2.0.0-M4, which fix the issue.
What
Allocation of resources for multipart headers with insufficient limits enabled a DoS vulnerability in Apache Commons FileUpload. This issue affects Apache Commons FileUpload: from 1.0 before 1.6; from 2.0.0-M1 before 2.0.0-M4. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 1.6 or 2.0.0-M4, which fix the issue.
Why
The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
Allocation of resources for multipart headers with insufficient limits enabled a DoS vulnerability in Apache Commons FileUpload. This issue affects Apache Commons FileUpload: from 1.0 before 1.6; from 2.0.0-M1 before 2.0.0-M4. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 1.6 or 2.0.0-M4, which fix the issue.
Why
The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- a network path → Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Network
- Privileges required
- None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-770 ↗
CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling. The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Affected
- commons-fileupload as a component of A-MQ Clients 2
- jenkins.src as a component of OpenShift Developer Tools and Services
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload2-core as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload2-jakarta as a component of Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 2
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Debezium 2
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat build of Debezium 3
- commons-fileupload as a component of Red Hat Data Grid 8
- tomcat6 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-docs-webapp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-el-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-javadoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-jsp-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-lib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-log4j as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-servlet-2.5-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-docs-webapp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-el-2.2-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-javadoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-jsp-2.2-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-jsvc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-lib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-servlet-3.0-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- and 27 more
- Fixed
- jws6-tomcat-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-javadoc-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-jsp-3.1-api-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-lib-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-selinux-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-servlet-6.0-api-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-webapps-0:10.1.36-7.redhat_00008.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-java-jdk11-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-java-jdk8-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-javadoc-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-jsp-2.3-api-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-lib-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-selinux-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-servlet-4.0-api-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-webapps-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-javadoc-0:9.0.87-12.redhat_00011.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- and 111 more
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
Official vendor articles2 stored documents
Linked articles are downloaded and versioned as source evidence. A CVE mention or approved update relationship does not, by itself, verify a fix for every product branch.
- Security Bulletin - January 20 2026 | Atlassian Support | Atlassian Documentation →Original publisher ↗Searchable text snapshot · Captured 28 Sep 2026Unable to load Security Bulletin - January 20 2026 Security Advisories & Bulletins November 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview Archived Security Advisories Security Advisories for Apps July 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview August 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview January 2023: Secu
- Security Bulletin - February 17 2026 | Atlassian Support | Atlassian Documentation →Original publisher ↗Searchable text snapshot · Captured 28 Sep 2026Unable to load Security Bulletin - February 17 2026 Security Advisories & Bulletins November 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview Archived Security Advisories Security Advisories for Apps July 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview August 2022: Atlassian Security Advisories Overview January 2023: Sec
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 16 Jun 2025 · Last source change 3 Nov 2025, 20:05 UTC · CWE-770 · Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCISA ADP
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-18407
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCISA ADP
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- 1.0 < 1.6; 2.0.0-M1 < 2.0.0-M4 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
- After
- 1.0 < 1.6; 2.0.0-M1 < 2.0.0-M4 · Fixed: Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. For details on how to apply this update, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
- Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- Awaiting fix
- After
- Patch available
CVE published
Fixed release recorded from official guidance
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.