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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-3910High confidence

Org.keycloak.authentication: two factor authentication bypass

Red Hat · Red Hat Build of Keycloak

Official source articles: Red Hat RHSA-2025:4335 ↗ · Red Hat RHSA-2025:4336 ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

5.4MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Scheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Patch available
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityMediumOperational priority:Medium, unchanged from published severity.unchanged

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • EPSS is 0.44% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Red Hat Red Hat Build of Keycloak and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: As exposure requiresRemediation target: Within 365 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Open-source package ranges1 source-attributed range

These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.

Ecosystem and packageAffected rangeFirst fixed versionEvidence
mavenorg.keycloak:keycloak-services< 26.2.226.2.2GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 28 Jul 2025
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2025-3910 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securityorg.keycloak.authentication: Two factor authentication bypass
8 fixed

The vendor explicitly identifies these products or versions as containing the fix.

  • rhbk/keycloak-operator-bundle@sha256:67a4498b9c68a7068cc2bcfa2d7d5eb35e6ec7e281c0886893f4125a6487c8a1_amd64 as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9-operator@sha256:83c90cf0627a1b99900d539f417e648d8be4c9966452872a93a8236e17b1d1cf_amd64 as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9-operator@sha256:8e1a37dc9fa7b99a65ac9997d49bc9991172a461c63196614d1975bc2210e7fa_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9-operator@sha256:acd2a3adf7365e62689b79608c2289c804f47f97a81f9e8ddf3fecdce6d6f0ec_s390x as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9@sha256:67699f3ec6e1a489b769523d9deaeec57a8113259d375501aa043778828c2286_amd64 as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9@sha256:76f2963c284d0a79e6026bee0837639bce5af84a18c994828aa0890923725189_s390x as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • rhbk/keycloak-rhel9@sha256:87ff67880fd7f44174b263759c99f4d701cf208eeb6f4abf636a10b98ec023d0_ppc64le as a component of Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0
  • Red Hat Build of Keycloak
Summary
A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.
Remediation
Before applying the update, back up your existing installation, including all applications, configuration files, databases and database settings, and so on.
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-12659

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
5.4 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionScheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.

What

A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.

Why

The affected component does not establish the requesting party's identity reliably before granting access.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.

Why

The affected component does not establish the requesting party's identity reliably before granting access.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
a network path → Improper Authentication → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
Required interaction required
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-287 ↗

CWE-287: Improper Authentication. When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UIRequiredUser interaction: Another user must perform an action for exploitation to succeed.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CLowConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.ILowIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.ANoneAvailability impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-287
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-12659Official EUVD mapping

A flaw was found in Keycloak. The org.keycloak.authorization package may be vulnerable to circumventing required actions, allowing users to circumvent requirements such as setting up two-factor authentication.

Official EUVD record ↗
BSI · German · WID-SEC-2025-0908Keycloack: Mehrere Schwachstellen ermöglichen Umgehen von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen

Ein entfernter, anonymer Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Keycloack ausnutzen, um Sicherheitsvorkehrungen zu umgehen.

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2025-011711レッドハットの build of keycloak における認証に関する脆弱性

レッドハットの build of keycloak には、認証に関する脆弱性が存在します。

Official advisory ↗
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2025-0141Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Keycloak

De kwetsbaarheden omvatten een probleem waarbij JWT-tokens met lange vervaltijden kunnen leiden tot oneindige groei in de cache, wat kan resulteren in een OutOfMemoryError en een Denial-of-Service voor legitieme gebruikers. Daarnaast kan de verificatie van trust store-certificaten worden overgeslagen als het verificatiebeleid is ingesteld op 'ALL', wat kan leiden tot ongeautoriseerde toegang. Bovendien kan een kwetsbaarheid in het org.keycloak.authorization-pakket gebruikers in staat stellen om vereiste beveiligingsacties te omzeilen, zoals het inschakelen van twee-factor-authenticatie, wat de beveiliging van gebruikersaccounts in gevaar kan brengen.

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
25.0.0 < 25.*, 26.0.0 < 26.0.11, 26.1.0 < 26.1.*, 26.2.0 < 26.2.2
Fixed
Action
Before applying the update, back up your existing installation, including all applications, configuration files, databases and database settings, and so on.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 29 Apr 2025 · Last source change 21 Sept 2026, 05:47 UTC · CWE-287 · Improper Authentication

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-12659
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    25.0.0 < 25.*; 26.0.0 < 26.0.11; 26.1.0 < 26.1.*; 26.2.0 < 26.2.2 · Fixed: 26.0.11-2 < *; 26.0-12 < *; 26.0-13 < *
    After
    25.0.0 < 25.*, 26.0.0 < 26.0.11, 26.1.0 < 26.1.*, 26.2.0 < 26.2.2 · Fixed: Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.0: 26.0.11-2 < *, 26.0-12 < *, 26.0-13 < *
    CNA ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-12659↗Vendor advisory↗CVE authority or vendor reference · Red Hat RHSA-2025:4335↗Vendor advisory · Red Hat RHSA-2025:4336↗Vendor advisory↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-3910 · cve.blacktree.nl