Evidence used
- CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
- A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
- Exploitation requires an existing local or physical foothold with privileges.
- EPSS is 1.29% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-38352High confidence
Linux Kernel Time-of-Check Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Condition Vulnerability
Linux · Kernel
7.8HighCVSS 3.1
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productCISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2025-09-25 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 21 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 4 Sep 2025
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
- Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Linux Kernel and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 21 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Canonical Ubuntu Security: 21 affected package states with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
25 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 21 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.12.35-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.1.147-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.12.35-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.12.35-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-aws | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-azure | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-azure-fde | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-azure-nvidia | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gcp | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gke | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gkeop | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-ibm | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-intel | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-lowlatency | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-nvidia | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-nvidia-lowlatency | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-nvidia-tegra | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-oem-6.11 | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-oracle | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-raspi | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-raspi-realtime | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-realtime | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-riscv | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-xilinx | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Direct vendor intelligence
1 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2025-38352 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitykernel: posix-cpu-timers: fix race between handle_posix_cpu_timers() and posix_cpu_timer_del()
The vendor explicitly identifies these products or versions as containing the fix.
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- Summary
- A race condition was found in the Linux kernel’s POSIX CPU timer handling, where handle_posix_cpu_timers() may run concurrently with posix_cpu_timer_del() on an exiting task which could result in use-after-free scenarios. An attacker with local user access could use this flaw to crash or escalate their privileges on a system.
- Remediation
- For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258 The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2025-09-25 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 21 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
Linux kernel contains a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability that has a high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
What
Linux kernel contains a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability that has a high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Why
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
Linux kernel contains a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition vulnerability that has a high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
Why
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation Confirmed in the wild
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2025-09-04.
Public PoC / exploit material Reference recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.
- Likely attack path
- local access → Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Local
- Privileges required
- Low: a basic authenticated account is required
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-367 ↗
CWE-367: Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition. The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Fixed
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- bpftool-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-abi-whitelists-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.noarch as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-bootwrapper-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-bootwrapper-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-devel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-devel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debug-devel-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- kernel-debuginfo-0:3.10.0-1160.139.1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- and 1955 more
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 22 Jul 2025 · Last source change 8 Sept 2026, 15:32 UTC · CWE-367 · Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-22297
Product sourceCISA KEV
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCISA ADP
NVD statusNVD enriched
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.CNA ↗
- Before
- 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 78a4b8e3795b31dae58762bc091bb0f4f74a2200; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < c076635b3a42771ace7d276de8dc3bc76ee2ba1b; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 2f3daa04a9328220de46f0d5c919a6c0073a9f0b; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 764a7a5dfda23f69919441f2eac2a83e7db6e5bb; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 2c72fe18cc5f9f1750f5bc148cf1c94c29e106ff; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < c29d5318708e67ac13c1b6fc1007d179fb65b4d7; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 460188bc042a3f40f72d34b9f7fc6ee66b0b757b; 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < f90fff1e152dedf52b932240ebbd670d83330eca · Fixed: < 2.6.36; 5.4.295 ≤ 5.4.*; 5.10.239 ≤ 5.10.*; 5.15.186 ≤ 5.15.*; 6.1.142 ≤ 6.1.*; 6.6.94 ≤ 6.6.*; 6.12.34 ≤ 6.12.*; 6.15.3 ≤ 6.15.*
- After
- Linux: 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 78a4b8e3795b31dae58762bc091bb0f4f74a2200, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < c076635b3a42771ace7d276de8dc3bc76ee2ba1b, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 2f3daa04a9328220de46f0d5c919a6c0073a9f0b, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 764a7a5dfda23f69919441f2eac2a83e7db6e5bb, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 2c72fe18cc5f9f1750f5bc148cf1c94c29e106ff, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < c29d5318708e67ac13c1b6fc1007d179fb65b4d7, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < 460188bc042a3f40f72d34b9f7fc6ee66b0b757b, 0bdd2ed4138ec04e09b4f8165981efc99e439f55 < f90fff1e152dedf52b932240ebbd670d83330eca, 2.6.36 · Fixed: Linux: < 2.6.36, 5.4.295 ≤ 5.4.*, 5.10.239 ≤ 5.10.*, 5.15.186 ≤ 5.15.*, 6.1.142 ≤ 6.1.*, 6.6.94 ≤ 6.6.*, 6.12.34 ≤ 6.12.*, 6.15.3 ≤ 6.15.*, 6.16 ≤ *
CVE published
Added to CISA KEV
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.