Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
- EPSS is 4.19% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-31651High confidence
Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve
Apache Software Foundation · Apache Tomcat
9.8CriticalCVSS 3.1
Within 72 hours
Patch availableCritical technical impact with a remotely reachable, unauthenticated path; no CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityCritical→Operational priority:Critical, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Apache Software Foundation Apache Tomcat and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Distribution package intelligence
12 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.40-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.40-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.40-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 10.1.40-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat11 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 11.0.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | tomcat9 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 9.0.70-2 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 7 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · esm-apps | tomcat10 | Vendor fix publishedCanonical reports that a fixed source package version has been published. Repository candidate availability is not checked by BlackTree. | 10.1.16-1ubuntu0.1~esm3 | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026 |
Open-source package ranges16 source-attributed ranges
These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.
| Ecosystem and package | Affected range | First fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 9.0.76; fixed 9.0.104 | 9.0.104 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 10.1.10; fixed 10.1.40 | 10.1.40 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 11.0.0-M2; fixed 11.0.6 | 11.0.6 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 8.5.0; last affected 8.5.100 | Not stated | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 9.0.76; fixed 9.0.104 | 9.0.104 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 10.1.10; fixed 10.1.40 | 10.1.40 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 11.0.0-M2; fixed 11.0.6 | 11.0.6 | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| Mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | ECOSYSTEM: introduced 8.5.0; last affected 8.5.100 | Not stated | OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | >= 9.0.76, <= 9.0.102 | 9.0.104 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | >= 10.1.10, < 10.1.40 | 10.1.40 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | >= 11.0.0-M2, < 11.0.6 | 11.0.6 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat.embed:tomcat-embed-core | >= 8.5.0, <= 8.5.100 | Not stated | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | >= 9.0.76, <= 9.0.102 | 9.0.104 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | >= 10.1.10, < 10.1.40 | 10.1.40 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | >= 11.0.0-M2, < 11.0.6 | 11.0.6 | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
| mavenorg.apache.tomcat:tomcat-catalina | >= 8.5.0, <= 8.5.100 | Not stated | GitHub advisory ↗github reviewed aggregator · 3 Nov 2025 |
Direct vendor intelligence
1 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2025-31651 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitytomcat: Apache Tomcat: Bypass of rules in Rewrite Valve
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- tomcat6 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-docs-webapp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-el-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-javadoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-jsp-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-lib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-log4j as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-servlet-2.5-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- Summary
- A flaw was found in Apache Tomcat's rewrite rule processing component. This vulnerability allows security constraints to be bypassed via specially crafted HTTP requests when specific, uncommon rewrite rule configurations are in use.
- Remediation
- Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. For details on how to apply this update, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
Critical technical impact with a remotely reachable, unauthenticated path; no CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
Patch available01
What, why and how
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.
What
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.
Why
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences vulnerability in Apache Tomcat. For a subset of unlikely rewrite rule configurations, it was possible for a specially crafted request to bypass some rewrite rules. If those rewrite rules effectively enforced security constraints, those constraints could be bypassed. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.5, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.39, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.102. The following versions were EOL at the time the CVE was created but are known to be affected: 8.5.0 though 8.5.100. Other, older, EOL versions may also be affected. Users are recommended to upgrade to version [FIXED_VERSION], which fixes the issue.
Why
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- a network path → Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Network
- Privileges required
- None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-116 ↗
CWE-116: Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output. The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Patch available
- Affected
- tomcat6 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-docs-webapp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-el-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-javadoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-jsp-2.1-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-lib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-log4j as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-servlet-2.5-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat6.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- tomcat as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-admin-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-docs-webapp as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-el-2.2-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-javadoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-jsp-2.2-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-jsvc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-lib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-servlet-3.0-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat-webapps as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- tomcat.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- pki-servlet-4.0-api (pki-deps:10.6) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
- pki-servlet-engine.src (pki-deps:10.6) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
- pki-servlet-engine (pki-deps:10.6) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8
- pki-servlet-4.0-api as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
- pki-servlet-engine as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
- pki-servlet-engine.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
- Fixed
- jws6-tomcat-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-el-5.0-api-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-javadoc-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-jsp-3.1-api-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-lib-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-selinux-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-servlet-6.0-api-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws6-tomcat-webapps-0:10.1.36-19.redhat_00018.1.el10jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 6.1 for RHEL 10
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-java-jdk11-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-java-jdk8-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-javadoc-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-jsp-2.3-api-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-lib-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-selinux-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-servlet-4.0-api-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-webapps-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el7jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 7 Server
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.src as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-admin-webapps-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-docs-webapp-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-el-3.0-api-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- jws5-tomcat-javadoc-0:9.0.87-14.redhat_00013.1.el8jws.noarch as a component of Red Hat JBoss Web Server 5.8 for RHEL 8
- and 574 more
- Action
- Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. For details on how to apply this update, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 28 Apr 2025 · Last source change 26 Feb 2026, 18:27 UTC · CWE-116 · Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-13626
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- 11.0.0-M1 ≤ 11.0.5; 10.1.0-M1 ≤ 10.1.39; 9.0.0.M1 ≤ 9.0.102; 8.5.0 ≤ 8.5.100; 8.0.0.RC1 < 8.5.0; 10.0.0-M1 ≤ 10.0.27 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
- After
- 11.0.0-M1 ≤ 11.0.5; 10.1.0-M1 ≤ 10.1.39; 9.0.0.M1 ≤ 9.0.102; 8.5.0 ≤ 8.5.100; 8.0.0.RC1 < 8.5.0; 10.0.0-M1 ≤ 10.0.27 · Fixed: Before applying this update, make sure all previously released errata relevant to your system have been applied. For details on how to apply this update, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
- Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- Awaiting fix
- After
- Patch available
CVE published
Fixed release recorded from official guidance
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.