Evidence used
- CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
- EPSS is 1.60% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-31277High confidence
Apple Multiple Products Buffer Overflow Vulnerability
Apple · Multiple Products
8.8HighCVSS 3.1
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productCISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-04-03 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 20 Mar 2026
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
- Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Apple Multiple Products and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Debian Security Tracker: 2 affected package states with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
10 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 2 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | webkit2gtk | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.1-1~deb13u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian trixietrixie · source | wpewebkit | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | webkit2gtk | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.1-1~deb12u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | wpewebkit | Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open. | Not published in this feed | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | webkit2gtk | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.0-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | wpewebkit | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.0-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | webkit2gtk | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.0-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | wpewebkit | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 2.50.0-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | qtwebkit-opensource-src | Under evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | webkit2gtk | Vendor fix publishedCanonical reports that a fixed source package version has been published. Repository candidate availability is not checked by BlackTree. | 2.50.1-0ubuntu0.24.04.1 | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Direct vendor intelligence
1 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2025-31277 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitywebkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- webkitgtk as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- webkitgtk-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- webkitgtk-doc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- webkitgtk.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- Summary
- A flaw was found in WebKitGTK. Processing malicious web content can cause memory corruption due to improper memory handling.
- Remediation
- For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-04-03 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 2 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
Apple Safari, iOS, watchOS, visionOS, iPadOS, macOS, and tvOS contain a buffer overflow vulnerability that could allow the processing of maliciously crafted web content which may lead to memory corruption.
What
Apple Safari, iOS, watchOS, visionOS, iPadOS, macOS, and tvOS contain a buffer overflow vulnerability that could allow the processing of maliciously crafted web content which may lead to memory corruption.
Why
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
Apple Safari, iOS, watchOS, visionOS, iPadOS, macOS, and tvOS contain a buffer overflow vulnerability that could allow the processing of maliciously crafted web content which may lead to memory corruption.
Why
The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation Confirmed in the wild
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2026-03-20.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- a network path → Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Network
- Privileges required
- None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
- User interaction
- Required interaction required
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-119 ↗
CWE-119: Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer. The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UIRequiredUser interaction: Another user must perform an action for exploitation to succeed.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Affected
- Fixed
- webkitgtk4-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-doc-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.noarch as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)
- webkitgtk4-jsc-devel-0:2.50.0-1.el7_9.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.i686 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.i686 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debuginfo-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- webkit2gtk3-debugsource-0:2.50.0-1.el8_10.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8)
- and 406 more
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 29 Jul 2025 · Last source change 21 Sept 2026, 19:09 UTC · CWE-119 · Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCISA ADP
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-23063
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCISA ADP
NVD statusNVD enriched
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: added remediation: support.apple.com/124147.product-security@apple.com ↗
- Before
- vendor advisory: support.apple.com/124147 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/124149 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/124152 · 3 more references
- After
- remediation: support.apple.com/124147 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/124147 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/124149 · 4 more references
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.CNA ↗
- Before
- < 18.6; < 15.6; < 2.6; < 11.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
- After
- Safari: < 18.6; iOS and iPadOS: < 18.6; macOS: < 15.6; tvOS: < 18.6; visionOS: < 2.6; watchOS: < 11.6 · Fixed: RHSA-2025:19352: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (v. 7 ELS), Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server Optional (v. 7 ELS)
- Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.product-security@apple.com ↗
- Before
- Awaiting fix
- After
- Patch available
CVE published
Added to CISA KEV
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.