Published severityCritical→Operational priority:Critical, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Evidence used
CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
EPSS is 99.97% for the current model date.
Compensating controls
Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.
Verification
Confirm that the asset runs CrushFTP CrushFTP and falls inside the recorded affected range.
Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Optional official sources
National CERT insights ?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.
Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.
Official European source
ENISA European Vulnerability Database
Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.
1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier
EUVD-2025-9910
CISA KEV mirrored by ENISA
CrushFTP 10 before 10.8.4 and 11 before 11.3.1 allows authentication bypass and takeover of the crushadmin account (unless a DMZ proxy instance is used), as exploited in the wild in March and April 2025, aka "Unauthenticated HTTP(S) port access." A race condition exists in the AWS4-HMAC (compatible with S3) authorization method of the HTTP component of the FTP server. The server first verifies the existence of the user by performing a call to login_user_pass() with no password requirement. This will authenticate the session through the HMAC verification process and up until the server checks for user verification once more. The vulnerability can be further stabilized, eliminating the need for successfully triggering a race condition, by sending a mangled AWS4-HMAC header. By providing only the username and a following slash (/), the server will successfully find a username, which triggers the successful anypass authentication process, but the server will fail to find the expected SignedHeaders entry, resulting in an index-out-of-bounds error that stops the code from reaching the session cleanup. Together, these issues make it trivial to authenticate as any known or guessable user (e.g., crushadmin), and can lead to a full compromise of the system by obtaining an administrative account.
EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Recorded by ENISA since 7 Apr 2025. Evidence sources: cisa_kev.
ENISA score
9.8 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
2 linked advisory records
Explicit mitigation evidence
Only statements that explicitly mention a fix, patch, update, workaround or mitigation are shown here.
csaf_ncscnl · NCSC-2025-0101Kwetsbaarheid verholpen in CrushFTP
Recommended actionPatch now
CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2025-04-28 as the remediation due date.
Patch available
01
What, why and how
CrushFTP contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the HTTP authorization header that allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to authenticate to any known or guessable user account (e.g., crushadmin), potentially leading to a full compromise.
What
CrushFTP contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the HTTP authorization header that allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to authenticate to any known or guessable user account (e.g., crushadmin), potentially leading to a full compromise.
Why
The authentication algorithm is sound, but the implemented mechanism can be bypassed as the result of a separate weakness that is primary to the authentication error.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may bypass an access boundary or take over an account.
What
CrushFTP contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the HTTP authorization header that allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to authenticate to any known or guessable user account (e.g., crushadmin), potentially leading to a full compromise.
Why
The authentication algorithm is sound, but the implemented mechanism can be bypassed as the result of a separate weakness that is primary to the authentication error.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may bypass an access boundary or take over an account.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.Confirmed in the wild
CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2025-04-07. Known ransomware campaign use is recorded.
Public PoC / exploit material ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.Reference recorded
A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.
Likely attack path
a network path → Authentication Bypass by Primary Weakness → bypass an access boundary or take over an account
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness ?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-305: Authentication Bypass by Primary Weakness. The authentication algorithm is sound, but the implemented mechanism can be bypassed as the result of a separate weakness that is primary to the authentication error.
CVSS vector ?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
Stolen credentials, tokens and legitimate administration functions may provide continued access without deploying a large custom toolset.
Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-9910Known-exploited evidence recorded
CrushFTP 10 before 10.8.4 and 11 before 11.3.1 allows authentication bypass and takeover of the crushadmin account (unless a DMZ proxy instance is used), as exploited in the wild in March and April 2025, aka "Unauthenticated HTTP(S) port access." A race condition exists in the AWS4-HMAC (compatible with S3) authorization method of the HTTP component of the FTP server. The server first verifies the existence of the user by performing a call to login_user_pass() with no password requirement. This will authenticate the session through the HMAC verification process and up until the server checks for user verification once more. The vulnerability can be further stabilized, eliminating the need for successfully triggering a race condition, by sending a mangled AWS4-HMAC header. By providing only the username and a following slash (/), the server will successfully find a username, which triggers the successful anypass authentication process, but the server will fail to find the expected SignedHeaders entry, resulting in an index-out-of-bounds error that stops the code from reaching the session cleanup. Together, these issues make it trivial to authenticate as any known or guessable user (e.g., crushadmin), and can lead to a full compromise of the system by obtaining an administrative account.
Official EUVD record ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2025-0615CrushFTP: Schwachstelle ermöglicht das Umgehen der Authentisierung
Ein entfernter, anonymer Angreifer kann eine Schwachstelle in CrushFTP ausnutzen, um die Authentisierung zu umgehen.
Official advisory ↗Canadian Centre for Cyber Security · English · AL25-003Vulnerability impacting CrushFTP
An Alert is used to raise awareness of a recently identified cyber threat that may impact cyber information assets, and to provide additional detection and mitigation advice to recipients. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security ("Cyber Centre") is also available to provide additional assistance regarding the content of this Alert to recipients as requested.
Official advisory ↗Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20250409Security Bulletin 09 April 2025 [903 KB]
The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 09 April 2025 [903 KB], published on 9 April 2025. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.
Official advisory ↗JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2025-003089CrushFTP における脆弱性
CrushFTP には、不特定の脆弱性が存在します。
Official advisory ↗KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6439美 CISA 발표 주요 Exploit 정보공유(Update. 2025-04-07)
CrushFTP contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the HTTP authorization header that allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to authenticate to any known or guessable user account (e.g., crushadmin), potentially leading to a full compromise.
Official advisory ↗NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2025-0101Kwetsbaarheid verholpen in CrushFTP
De kwetsbaarheid stelt een kwaadwillende in staat om ongeauthenticeerde externe toegang te verkrijgen via HTTP-verzoeken, wat kan leiden tot ongeautoriseerde toegang. Systemen die gebruik maken van de DMZ Proxy instance van CrushFTP zijn niet kwetsbaar.
Onderzoekers hebben de patch reverse-engineered en hebben een PoC kunnen bouwen waarmee de kwetsbaarheid kan worden aangetoond.
Het NCSC ontvangt meldingen dat kwaadwillenden actief scannen naar kwetsbare systemen en dat compromittaties worden waargenomen.
Eigenaren van een systeem dat gebruik maakt van CrushFTP kunnen detecteren of eventuele compromittatie heeft plaatsgevonden, door in de `session_logs` directory te controleren of externe toegang is verkregen op standaard accounts als `crushadmin` of `anonymous`. Logregels als voorbeeld zijn:
```
SESSION|03/27/2025 12:41:24.636|[HTTP:250_22299:crushadmin:REDACTED_ATTACKER_IP] WROTE: *230 Password OK. Connected.*
SESSION|03/27/2025 12:41:24.636|[HTTP:250_22299:anonymous:REDACTED_ATTACKER_IP] WROTE: *230 Password OK. Connected.*
```
N.B.: Tijdens de initiële berichtenstroom was voor deze kwetsbaarheid nog geen CVE-id toegekend. Een niet-betrokken derde partij heeft een tijdelijk CVE-id toegekend in afwachting van de definitieve versie. Deze kwetsbaarheid is daarom ook onder CVE-2025-2825 bekend.
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
Status ?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Apply the fixed release for the affected product branch as recorded by Canadian Centre for Cyber Security. Validate the exact product and build in the linked advisory before deployment.
Workaround
A mitigation or workaround reference is available from the source linked below; validate it against the affected product and version.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 3 Apr 2025 · Last source change 21 Oct 2025, 22:55 UTC · CWE-305 · Authentication Bypass by Primary Weakness
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source ?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-9910
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD enriched
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
CrushFTP: 10 < 10.8.4, 11 < 11.3.1 · Fixed: The Cyber Centre strongly recommends that organizations update to CrushFTP versions 10.8.4+ or 11.3.1+. Footnote 1 : The vendor states, the exploit does not work if you have the DMZ proxy instance of CrushFTP in place Footnote 1 Footnote 3 The Cyber Centre recommends that organizations: Assess the installations of CrushFTP. Apply software update to CrushFTP without delay. Monitor affected systems for exploitation. In addition, the Cyber Centre strongly recommends that organizations review and implement the Cyber Centre’s Top 10 IT Security Actions Footnote 4 with an emphasis on the following strategies: Consolidate, monitor, and defend Internet gateways Patch operating systems and applications Isolate web-facing applications If activity matching the content of this alert is discovered, recipients are encouraged to report via the My Cyber Portal , or email contact@cyber.gc.ca .
After
CrushFTP: 10 < 10.8.4, 11 < 11.3.1 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
CrushFTP: 10 < 10.8.4, 11 < 11.3.1 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
After
CrushFTP: 10 < 10.8.4, 11 < 11.3.1 · Fixed: The Cyber Centre strongly recommends that organizations update to CrushFTP versions 10.8.4+ or 11.3.1+. Footnote 1 : The vendor states, the exploit does not work if you have the DMZ proxy instance of CrushFTP in place Footnote 1 Footnote 3 The Cyber Centre recommends that organizations: Assess the installations of CrushFTP. Apply software update to CrushFTP without delay. Monitor affected systems for exploitation. In addition, the Cyber Centre strongly recommends that organizations review and implement the Cyber Centre’s Top 10 IT Security Actions Footnote 4 with an emphasis on the following strategies: Consolidate, monitor, and defend Internet gateways Patch operating systems and applications Isolate web-facing applications If activity matching the content of this alert is discovered, recipients are encouraged to report via the My Cyber Portal , or email contact@cyber.gc.ca .
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.