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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-25288High confidence

@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest has a Regular Expression in iterator that Leads to ReDoS Vulnerability Due to Catastrophic Backtracking

octokit · plugin-paginate-rest.js

Official source article: GitHub GHSA-H5C3-5R3R-RR8Q ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

5.3MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Fix not verified
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityMediumOperational priority:High, raised one band.upgradedsince 14 Feb 2025

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
  • EPSS is 0.63% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs octokit plugin-paginate-rest.js and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Recheck the vendor advisory before scheduling a change because no verified fixed version is currently retained.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 30 daysRemediation target: Within 180 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Open-source package ranges4 source-attributed ranges

These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.

Ecosystem and packageAffected rangeFirst fixed versionEvidence
npm@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest>= 9.3.0-beta.1, < 11.4.111.4.1GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 18 Feb 2025
npm@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest>= 1.0.0, < 9.2.29.2.2GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 18 Feb 2025
npm@octokit/plugin-paginate-restSEMVER: introduced 9.3.0-beta.1; fixed 11.4.111.4.1OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
npm@octokit/plugin-paginate-restSEMVER: introduced 1.0.0; fixed 9.2.29.2.2OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2025-25288 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securityoctokit/plugin-paginate-rest: @octokit/plugin-paginate-rest has a Regular Expression in iterator that Leads to ReDoS Vulnerability Due to Catastrophic Backtracking
5 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • multicluster-engine/console-mce-rhel8 as a component of Multicluster Engine for Kubernetes
  • openshift-serverless-1/kn-backstage-plugins-eventmesh-rhel8 as a component of OpenShift Serverless
  • rhacm2/console-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2
  • io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat Integration Camel K 1
  • devspaces/code-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces
Summary
A flaw was found in the plugin-paginate-rest Octokit plugin. When calling `octokit.paginate.iterator()`, a specially crafted `octokit` instance with a malicious `link` parameter in the `headers` section of the `request` can trigger a regular expression denial-of-service (ReDoS) attack.
Remediation
Affected
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-4102

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Fix not verified
01

What, why and how

@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest is the Octokit plugin to paginate REST API endpoint responses. For versions starting in 1.0.0 and prior to 11.4.1 of the npm package `@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest`, when calling `octokit.paginate.iterator()`, a specially crafted `octokit` instance—particularly with a malicious `link` parameter in the `headers` section of the `request`—can trigger a ReDoS attack. Version 11.4.1 contains a fix for the issue.

What

@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest is the Octokit plugin to paginate REST API endpoint responses. For versions starting in 1.0.0 and prior to 11.4.1 of the npm package `@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest`, when calling `octokit.paginate.iterator()`, a specially crafted `octokit` instance—particularly with a malicious `link` parameter in the `headers` section of the `request`—can trigger a ReDoS attack. Version 11.4.1 contains a fix for the issue.

Why

The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest is the Octokit plugin to paginate REST API endpoint responses. For versions starting in 1.0.0 and prior to 11.4.1 of the npm package `@octokit/plugin-paginate-rest`, when calling `octokit.paginate.iterator()`, a specially crafted `octokit` instance—particularly with a malicious `link` parameter in the `headers` section of the `request`—can trigger a ReDoS attack. Version 11.4.1 contains a fix for the issue.

Why

The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.

Likely attack path
a network path → Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-1333 ↗

CWE-1333: Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity. The product uses a regular expression with a worst-case computational complexity that is inefficient and possibly exponential.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.ALowAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-1333Public exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20250219Security Bulletin 19 Feb 2025

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 19 Feb 2025, published on 19 February 2025. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-0279Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM

CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-49761 Référence CVE CVE-2024-51479 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-51479 Référence CVE CVE-2024-52798 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-52798 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6119 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6119 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6232 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6232 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6484 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6484 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6485 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6485 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23184 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23184 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25285 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25285 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25288 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25288 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25289 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25289 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25290 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25290 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27152 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27152 Gestion détaillée du document le 04 avril 2025 Version initiale Alertes Avis Bulletins d’actualités Mentions légales Conditions générales À propos Contact cyber.gouv.fr service-public.fr legifrance.gouv.fr info.gouv.fr france.fr info.gouv.fr/risques Premier Ministre / Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale / Agence nationale de la sécurité des s

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix not verified
Affected
  • multicluster-engine/console-mce-rhel8 as a component of Multicluster Engine for Kubernetes
  • openshift-serverless-1/kn-backstage-plugins-eventmesh-rhel8 as a component of OpenShift Serverless
  • rhacm2/console-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2
  • io.apicurio-apicurio-registry as a component of Red Hat Integration Camel K 1
  • devspaces/code-rhel8 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces
Fixed
No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
Action
No verified patch reference is present in the current structured sources. Check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 14 Feb 2025 · Last source change 14 Feb 2025, 20:18 UTC · CWE-1333 · Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-4102
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD not scheduled

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗

No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.

Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-4102↗Vendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security↗CISA Vulnrichment SSVC evidence↗CVE authority or vendor reference · GitHub GHSA-H5C3-5R3R-RR8Q↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-25288 · cve.blacktree.nl