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Full vulnerability report · 2026
CVE-2025-25249High confidence

Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Fortinet · Multiple Products

Official source articles: Siemens SSA-864900 ↗ · Fortinet FG-IR-25-084 ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

7.4HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-09-12 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityHighOperational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 9 Sep 2026

Evidence used

  • CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
  • EPSS is 3.86% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Fortinet Multiple Products and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 3 daysRemediation target: Within 90 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Cross-source reconciliation

Remediation availability differs by product scope

Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
SSA-864900 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 11 · finalSiemens ProductCERTSSA-864900: Multiple Vulnerabilities in Fortigate NGFW on RUGGEDCOM APE1808 Devices
1 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • RUGGEDCOM APE1808 with Fortinet NGFW < V7.4.9
Summary
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4.0 through 6.4.16, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets
Remediation
Update Fortigate NGFW to V7.4.9 or later following the secure update recommendation procedure. Contact customer support to receive detailed information
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2026-2223

CISA KEV mirrored by ENISA

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Recorded by ENISA since 9 Sep 2026. Evidence sources: cisa_kev.
ENISA score
7.4 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionPatch only the product branches with a verified fix

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-09-12 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
01

What, why and how

Fortinet FortiOS, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiSASE contain a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

What

Fortinet FortiOS, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiSASE contain a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

Why

A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

Fortinet FortiOS, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiSASE contain a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

Why

A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Confirmed in the wild

CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2026-09-09.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.

Likely attack path
a network path → Heap-based Buffer Overflow → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-122 ↗

CWE-122: Heap-based Buffer Overflow. A heap overflow condition is a buffer overflow, where the buffer that can be overwritten is allocated in the heap portion of memory, generally meaning that the buffer was allocated using a routine such as malloc().

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:W/RC:C

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-122CISA KEVPublic exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-2223Known-exploited evidence recorded

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0 through 7.6.3, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.8, FortiOS 7.2.0 through 7.2.11, FortiOS 7.0.0 through 7.0.17, FortiOS 6.4 all versions, FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0 through 7.0.5 allows attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets

Official EUVD record ↗
BSI · German · WID-SEC-2026-0085Fortinet FortiOS: Schwachstelle ermöglicht Codeausführung

Ein entfernter, anonymer Angreifer kann eine Schwachstelle in Fortinet FortiOS ausnutzen, um beliebigen Programmcode auszuführen.

Official advisory ↗
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security · English · AV26-023Fortinet security advisory (AV26-023) - Update 1

On January 13, 2026, Fortinet published security advisories to address vulnerabilities in multiple products. Included were critical updates for the following: On September 9, 2026, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) added CVE-2025-25249 to their Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) Database.

Official advisory ↗
Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20260114Security Bulletin 14 Jan 2026

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 14 Jan 2026, published on 14 January 2026. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0035Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits Fortinet

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans les produits Fortinet. Certaines d'entre elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une exécution de code arbitraire à distance, une atteinte à la confidentialité des données et une injection SQL (SQLi).

Official advisory ↗
NBSZ-NKI · Hungarian · cve-2025-25249CVE-2025-25249

A halom túlcsordulás egy típusú puffer túlcsordulás, ahol a felülírható puffer a memória dinamikusan részében van kiosztva, ami általában azt jelenti, hogy a puffert egy olyan függvénnyel osztották ki, mint pl. a malloc(). A program a puffer határa előtt vagy után ír adatokat a memóriába.

Official advisory ↗
CSIRT Italia · Italian · vulnerabilita-in-prodotti-fortinet-6Vulnerabilità in prodotti Fortinet

Rilevate nuove vulnerabilità in molteplici prodotti Fortinet, tra cui due con gravità “critica” e una con gravità “alta”, presenti in FortiOS, FortiSIEM, FortiSASE, FortiFone e FortiSwitchManager.

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2026-001345フォーティネットのFortiOS等の複数製品における複数の脆弱性

Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0から7.6.3、FortiOS 7.4.0から7.4.8、FortiOS 7.2.0から7.2.11、FortiOS 7.0.0から7.0.17、FortiOS 6.4.0から6.4.16、FortiSASE 25.2.b、FortiSASE 25.1.a.2、FortiSwitchManager 7.2.0から7.2.6、FortiSwitchManager 7.0.0から7.0.5において、ヒープベースのバッファオーバーフローの脆弱性が存在し、攻撃者が特別に細工されたパケットを介して不正なコードやコマンドを実行できる可能性があります。

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6955Fortinet 제품 보안 업데이트 권고

FortiOS, FortiSwitchManager에서 발생하는 Heap-based Buffer Overflow 취약점(CVE-2025-25249) [1][2]

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6948美 CISA 발표 주요 Exploit 정보공유(Update. 2026-09-09)

Fortinet Multiple Products Heap-based Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Official advisory ↗
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2026-0015Kwetsbaarheid verholpen in Fortinet FortiOS

A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability in multiple Fortinet products including FortiOS, FortiSwitchManager, and FortiSASE allows remote attackers to execute unauthorized code or commands via specially crafted packets.

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix availability varies by product
Affected
RUGGEDCOM APE1808 with Fortinet NGFW < V7.4.9
Fixed
Action
Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
Workaround
A mitigation or workaround reference is available from the source linked below; validate it against the affected product and version.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 13 Jan 2026 · Last source change 10 Sept 2026, 03:55 UTC · CWE-122 · Heap-based Buffer Overflow

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2026-2223
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Siemens ProductCERT
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Siemens ProductCERT
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. BlackTree coverageBlackTree article coverage changed from no BlackTree article to 1 BlackTree article.
    Before
    no BlackTree article
    After
    1 BlackTree article
    BlackTree editorial ↗
  2. ENISA known-exploited stateENISA EUVD now records this CVE in its known-exploited dataset.
    Before
    not listed in ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset
    After
    listed in ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset (EUVD-2026-2223)
    ENISA EUVD ↗
  3. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    7.2.2 ≤ 7.2.5; 7.6.0 ≤ 7.6.2; 7.4.0 ≤ 7.4.7; 7.2.4 ≤ 7.2.11 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    FortiSwitchManager: 7.2.2 ≤ 7.2.5; FortiOS: 7.6.0 ≤ 7.6.2, 7.4.0 ≤ 7.4.7, 7.2.4 ≤ 7.2.11 · Fixed: Upgrade to FortiSwitchManager version 7.2.7 or above; Upgrade to FortiSwitchManager version 7.0.6 or above; Fortinet remediated this issue in FortiSASE version 25.2.c and hence customers do not need to perform any action.; Fortinet remediated this issue in FortiSASE version 25.1.b and hence customers do not need to perform any action.; Upgrade to upcoming FortiOS version 8.0.0 or above; Upgrade to FortiOS version 7.6.4 or above; Upgrade to FortiOS version 7.4.9 or above; Upgrade to FortiOS version 7.2.12 or above; Upgrade to FortiOS version 7.0.18 or above
    CNA ↗
  4. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Mitigation available to Patch available.
    Before
    Mitigation available
    After
    Patch available
    psirt@fortinet.com ↗
  5. Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: added mitigation: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084; added remediation: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084; removed vendor advisory: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084.
    Before
    vendor advisory: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084
    After
    mitigation: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084 · remediation: fortiguard.fortinet.com/FG-IR-25-084
    psirt@fortinet.com ↗
  6. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Mitigation available.
    Before
    Awaiting fix
    After
    Mitigation available
    psirt@fortinet.com ↗
  7. Public exploit evidencePublic exploit evidence changed from No public exploit to Public exploit reference.
    Before
    No public exploit
    After
    Public exploit reference
    socradar.io ↗
  8. CISA KEV stateCISA KEV now confirms exploitation in the wild.
    Before
    not listed in CISA KEV
    After
    listed in CISA KEV since 2026-09-09
    CISA KEV ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-25249 · cve.blacktree.nl