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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-25186High confidence

Net::IMAP vulnerable to possible DoS by memory exhaustion

ruby · net-imap

Official source article: GitHub GHSA-7FC5-F82F-CX69 ↗. Check the applicable product and release in the original source.

6.5MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityMediumOperational priority:High, raised one band.upgradedsince 12 Feb 2025

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • EPSS is 0.63% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs ruby net-imap and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 30 daysRemediation target: Within 180 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Cross-source reconciliation

Remediation availability differs by product scope

Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Distribution package intelligence

Release-specific package status

Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.

5 package states
Package result overrides the generic status

BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 1 affected package state shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.

Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Distribution releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Debian trixietrixie · sourceruby3.3Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.3.3.8-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourceruby3.1Affected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open.Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourceruby3.3Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.3.3.8-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourceruby3.3Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.3.3.8-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archiveruby3.2Vendor fix publishedCanonical reports that a fixed source package version has been published. Repository candidate availability is not checked by BlackTree.3.2.3-1ubuntu0.24.04.5Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Open-source package ranges6 source-attributed ranges

These OSV and GitHub advisory ranges apply only to the named package and ecosystem. A listed fixed version is not a universal product patch or proof that an update is installed.

Ecosystem and packageAffected rangeFirst fixed versionEvidence
RubyGemsnet-imapECOSYSTEM: introduced 0.3.2; fixed 0.3.80.3.8OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
RubyGemsnet-imapECOSYSTEM: introduced 0.4.0; fixed 0.4.190.4.19OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
RubyGemsnet-imapECOSYSTEM: introduced 0.5.0; fixed 0.5.60.5.6OSV record ↗aggregator derived · 10 Sep 2026
rubygemsnet-imap>= 0.3.2, < 0.3.80.3.8GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 30 Apr 2025
rubygemsnet-imap>= 0.4.0, < 0.4.190.4.19GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 30 Apr 2025
rubygemsnet-imap>= 0.5.0, < 0.5.60.5.6GitHub advisory ↗upstream repository advisory · 30 Apr 2025
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2025-25186 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitynet-imap: Net::IMAP vulnerable to possible DoS by memory exhaustion
124 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • 3scale-amp-zync-container as a component of Red Hat 3scale API Management Platform 2
  • rhel10-beta/flatpak-sdk.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10
  • ruby as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-irb as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-rdoc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-ri as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-static as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby-tcltk as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • ruby.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Summary
A flaw was found in Ruby's net-imap library. In certain versions, there is a possibility for denial of service by memory exhaustion in the `net-imap` response parser. At any time while the client is connected, a malicious server can send highly compressed `uid-set` data, which is automatically read by the client's receiver thread. The response parser converts the `uid-set` data into arrays of integers with no limitation on the expanded size of the ranges, which can trigger memory exhaustion.
Remediation
For OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 see the following documentation, which will be updated shortly for this release, for important instructions on how to upgrade your cluster and fully apply this errata update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.14/html/release_notes/ocp-4-14-release-notes For Red Hat OpenShift Logging 5.9, see the following instructions to apply this update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.14/html/logging/cluster-logging-upgrading
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-4076

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionPatch only the product branches with a verified fix

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
01

What, why and how

Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Starting in version 0.3.2 and prior to versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, and 0.5.6, there is a possibility for denial of service by memory exhaustion in `net-imap`'s response parser. At any time while the client is connected, a malicious server can send can send highly compressed `uid-set` data which is automatically read by the client's receiver thread. The response parser uses `Range#to_a` to convert the `uid-set` data into arrays of integers, with no limitation on the expanded size of the ranges. Versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, 0.5.6, and higher fix this issue. Additional details for proper configuration of fixed versions and backward compatibility are available in the GitHub Security Advisory.

What

Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Starting in version 0.3.2 and prior to versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, and 0.5.6, there is a possibility for denial of service by memory exhaustion in `net-imap`'s response parser. At any time while the client is connected, a malicious server can send can send highly compressed `uid-set` data which is automatically read by the client's receiver thread. The response parser uses `Range#to_a` to convert the `uid-set` data into arrays of integers, with no limitation on the expanded size of the ranges. Versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, 0.5.6, and higher fix this issue. Additional details for proper configuration of fixed versions and backward compatibility are available in the GitHub Security Advisory.

Why

The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

What

Net::IMAP implements Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) client functionality in Ruby. Starting in version 0.3.2 and prior to versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, and 0.5.6, there is a possibility for denial of service by memory exhaustion in `net-imap`'s response parser. At any time while the client is connected, a malicious server can send can send highly compressed `uid-set` data which is automatically read by the client's receiver thread. The response parser uses `Range#to_a` to convert the `uid-set` data into arrays of integers, with no limitation on the expanded size of the ranges. Versions 0.3.8, 0.4.19, 0.5.6, and higher fix this issue. Additional details for proper configuration of fixed versions and backward compatibility are available in the GitHub Security Advisory.

Why

The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.

Likely attack path
a network path → Uncontrolled Resource Consumption → disrupt the affected service
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
Required interaction required
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-400 ↗

CWE-400: Uncontrolled Resource Consumption. The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UIRequiredUser interaction: Another user must perform an action for exploitation to succeed.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedDenial of serviceCWE-400Public exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20250213Security Bulletin 13 February 2025

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 13 February 2025, published on 13 February 2025. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-1129Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

d?id=CVE-2025-12816 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22866 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22866 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22869 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22869 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22870 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22870 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22871 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22871 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22872 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22872 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22874 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22874 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24294 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24294 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25184 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25184 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25186 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25186 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27111 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27111 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27219 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27219 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27220 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27220 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27221 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27221 Référence CVE CVE-2025-31133 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-31133 Référence CVE CVE-2025-32441 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-32441 Référence CVE CVE-2025-3573 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-3573 Référence CVE CVE-2025-43857 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CV

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-0969Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

d?id=CVE-2025-23166 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23167 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23167 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24014 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24014 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24293 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24293 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24294 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24294 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24813 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24813 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24855 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24855 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24928 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24928 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24970 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24970 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25186 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25186 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25193 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25193 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25724 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25724 Référence CVE CVE-2025-26465 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-26465 Référence CVE CVE-2025-26603 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-26603 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27113 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27113 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27144 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27144 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27210 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27210 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27219 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-0967Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

d?id=CVE-2025-22872 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22874 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22874 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23083 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23083 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23084 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23084 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23085 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23085 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23165 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23165 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23166 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23166 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23167 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23167 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24293 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24293 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25186 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25186 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27210 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27210 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27221 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27221 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27789 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27789 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30681 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30681 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30682 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30682 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30683 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30683 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30684 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30684 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30685 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-0622Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits VMware

ord?id=CVE-2025-22869 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22870 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22870 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22871 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22871 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22872 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22872 Référence CVE CVE-2025-22874 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-22874 Référence CVE CVE-2025-2312 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-2312 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23136 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23136 Référence CVE CVE-2025-23138 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-23138 Référence CVE CVE-2025-24928 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-24928 Référence CVE CVE-2025-25186 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-25186 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27113 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27113 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27219 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27219 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27220 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27220 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27221 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27221 Référence CVE CVE-2025-29786 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-29786 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30204 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30204 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30691 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30691 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30698 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix availability varies by product
Affected
Fixed
Action
Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 10 Feb 2025 · Last source change 12 Feb 2025, 15:46 UTC · CWE-400 · Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-4076
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD not scheduled

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    >= 0.3.2, < 0.3.8; >= 0.4.0, < 0.4.19; >= 0.5.0, < 0.5.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    >= 0.3.2, < 0.3.8; >= 0.4.0, < 0.4.19; >= 0.5.0, < 0.5.6 · Fixed: For OpenShift Container Platform 4.14 see the following documentation, which will be updated shortly for this release, for important instructions on how to upgrade your cluster and fully apply this errata update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.14/html/release_notes/ocp-4-14-release-notes For Red Hat OpenShift Logging 5.9, see the following instructions to apply this update: https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/openshift_container_platform/4.14/html/logging/cluster-logging-upgrading
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
  2. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.
    Before
    Awaiting fix
    After
    Patch available
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Fixed release recorded from official guidance
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-4076↗Red Hat Product Security security advisory↗CISA Vulnrichment SSVC evidence↗CVE authority or vendor reference · GitHub GHSA-7FC5-F82F-CX69↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-25186 · cve.blacktree.nl