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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-21183High confidence

Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Deduplication Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Microsoft · Windows 11 Version 24H2

7.4HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days

High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Select the national-authority views to include. The exact source language is shown on each matched advisory. Your choice is remembered on this device and encoded in the shareable URL.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-2262

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days

High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Deduplication Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

What

Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Deduplication Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Why

The product calls free() twice on the same memory address.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may gain additional privileges.

What

Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Deduplication Service Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Why

The product calls free() twice on the same memory address.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may gain additional privileges.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
local access → Double Free → gain additional privileges
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-415 ↗

CWE-415: Double Free. The product calls free() twice on the same memory address.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
UnauthenticatedPrivilege escalationCWE-415
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

BSI · German · WID-SEC-W-2025-0331Microsoft Windows: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Microsoft Windows Server, Microsoft Windows Server 2012, Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2, Microsoft Windows 10, Microsoft Windows Server 2016, Microsoft Windows Server 2019, Microsoft Windows Server 2022 und Microsoft Windows 11 ausnutzen, um einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand herbeizuführen, Spoofing-Angriffe durchzuführen, beliebigen Code auszuführen, erhöhte Rechte zu erlangen - sogar SYSTEM-Rechte - und Daten zu manipulieren.

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2025-AVI-0116Multiples vulnérabilités dans Microsoft Windows

la sécurité des systèmes d'information Paris, le 12 février 2025 N° CERTFR-2025-AVI-0116 Affaire suivie par: CERT-FR Avis du CERT-FR Objet: Multiples vulnérabilités dans Microsoft Windows Gestion du document Référence CERTFR-2025-AVI-0116 Titre Multiples vulnérabilités dans Microsoft Windows Date de la première version 12 février 2025 Date de la dernière version 12 février 2025 Source(s) Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21179 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21181 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21182 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21183 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21184 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21190 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21200 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21201 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21208 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21212 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21216 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2025-21254 du 10 février 2025 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-202

Official advisory
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2025-0047Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Microsoft Windows

Een kwaadwillende kan de kwetsbaarheden misbruiken om aanvallen uit te voeren die kunnen leiden tot de volgende categorieën schade: - Denial-of-Servie (DoS) - Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten - Omzeilen van beveiligingsmaatregel - Spoofing - Uitvoer van willekeurige code (Gebruikersrechten) Van de kwetsbaarheden met kenmerk CVE-2025-21391 en CVE-2025-21418 meldt Microsoft informatie te hebben dat deze beperkt zijn misbruikt. Deze kwetsbaarheden bevinden zich respectievelijk in Windows Storage en WinSOCK. Succesvol misbruik vereist wel dat de kwaadwillende lokale toegang heeft tot het kwetsbare systeem. Van de kwetsbaarheid met kenmerk CVE-2025-21377 geeft Microsoft aan informatie te hebben dat deze de aandacht heeft van onderzoekers, maar er is (nog) geen publieke Proof-of-Concept (PoC) of exploit bekend. Deze kwetsbaarheid bevindt zich in de wijze waarop omgegaan wordt met NTLMv2. ``` Windows Disk Cleanup Tool: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21420 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Telephony Server: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21201 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Remote Desktop Services: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21349 | 6.80 | | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Digest Authentication: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21368 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21369 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Internet Connection Sharing (ICS): |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21352 | 6.50 | Denial-of-Service | | CVE-2025-21212 | 6.50 | Denial-of-Service | | CVE-2025-21216 | 6.50 | Denial-of-Service | | CVE-2025-21254 | 6.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows NTLM: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21377 | 6.50 | Voordoen als andere gebruiker | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows DHCP Client: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21179 | 4.80 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21418 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Kernel: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21359 | 7.80 | Omzeilen van beveiligingsmaatregel | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Win32 Kernel Subsystem: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21367 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Update Stack: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21347 | 6.00 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Installer: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21373 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Setup Files Cleanup: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21419 | 7.10 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Kerberos: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21350 | 5.90 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS): |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21208 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21410 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Streaming Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21375 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows CoreMessaging: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21358 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2025-21184 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Resilient File System (ReFS) Deduplication Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21182 | 7.40 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2025-21183 | 7.40 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows DHCP Server: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21379 | 7.10 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21376 | 8.10 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Telephony Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21406 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21407 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21190 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21200 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2025-21371 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Message Queuing: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21181 | 7.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows DWM Core Library: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21414 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Windows: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21337 | 3.30 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Storage: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21391 | 7.10 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Active Directory Domain Services: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2025-21351 | 7.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| ```

Official advisory
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
10.0.26100.0 < 10.0.26100.3194
Fixed
An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
Action
Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 11 Feb 2025 · Last source change 26 Feb 2026, 19:09 UTC · CWE-415 · Double Free

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-2262
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceOther authority
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates →

No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.

Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-2262↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-21183 · cve.blacktree.nl