BlackTreeCVE Intelligence
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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2025-12875High confidence

mruby array.c ary_fill_exec out-of-bounds write

Unknown · mruby

4.8MediumCVSS 4.0
Recommended action
Within 7 days

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityMediumOperational priority:Medium, unchanged from published severity.unchanged

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • Exploitation requires an existing local or physical foothold with privileges.
  • EPSS is 0.16% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Unknown mruby and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: As exposure requiresRemediation target: Within 365 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Distribution package intelligence

Release-specific package status

Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.

5 package states
Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Distribution releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Debian trixietrixie · sourcemrubyNot affectedDebian marks this release not affected (fixed-version marker 0).Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourcemrubyNot affectedDebian marks this release not affected (fixed-version marker 0).Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourcemrubyNot affectedDebian marks this release not affected (fixed-version marker 0).Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourcemrubyNot affectedDebian marks this release not affected (fixed-version marker 0).Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archivemrubyUnder evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing.Not published in this feedCanonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2025-38294

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days

Medium technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

A weakness has been identified in mruby 3.4.0. This vulnerability affects the function ary_fill_exec of the file mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c. Executing a manipulation of the argument start/length can lead to out-of-bounds write. The attack needs to be launched locally. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. This patch is called 93619f06dd378db6766666b30c08978311c7ec94. It is best practice to apply a patch to resolve this issue.

What

A weakness has been identified in mruby 3.4.0. This vulnerability affects the function ary_fill_exec of the file mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c. Executing a manipulation of the argument start/length can lead to out-of-bounds write. The attack needs to be launched locally. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. This patch is called 93619f06dd378db6766666b30c08978311c7ec94. It is best practice to apply a patch to resolve this issue.

Why

A bounds error lets data be written beyond the intended memory region, potentially corrupting control data.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

A weakness has been identified in mruby 3.4.0. This vulnerability affects the function ary_fill_exec of the file mrbgems/mruby-array-ext/src/array.c. Executing a manipulation of the argument start/length can lead to out-of-bounds write. The attack needs to be launched locally. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. This patch is called 93619f06dd378db6766666b30c08978311c7ec94. It is best practice to apply a patch to resolve this issue.

Why

A bounds error lets data be written beyond the intended memory region, potentially corrupting control data.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

CISA Vulnrichment records proof-of-concept exploitation in its SSVC data. BlackTree has not independently executed or validated exploit material.

Likely attack path
local access → Out-of-bounds Write → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
Low: a basic authenticated account is required
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Not a CVSS 4.0 base metric
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-787 ↗

CWE-787: Out-of-bounds Write. The product writes data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 4.0: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.ATNoneAttack requirements: No additional deployment or execution condition is required.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.VCLowVulnerable-system confidentiality: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.VILowVulnerable-system integrity: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.VALowVulnerable-system availability: A successful attack can cause a limited loss.SCNoneSubsequent-system confidentiality: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SINoneSubsequent-system integrity: No direct loss is represented by this metric.SANoneSubsequent-system availability: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
CWE-787Public exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

BSI · German · WID-SEC-2025-2563Microsoft Azure Linux: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Microsoft Azure Linux und Microsoft Windows ausnutzen um erhöhte Privilegien zu erlangen, beliebigen Code auszuführen, die Authentifizierung zu umgehen, Spoofing-Angriffe durchzuführen, einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand zu verursachen oder andere, nicht näher spezifizierte Angriffe durchzuführen.

Official advisory ↗
Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20251112Security Bulletin 12 Nov 2025

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 12 Nov 2025, published on 12 November 2025. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0606Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits IBM

CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-12801 Référence CVE CVE-2024-29371 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-29371 Référence CVE CVE-2024-35195 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-35195 Référence CVE CVE-2024-5535 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-5535 Référence CVE CVE-2024-56339 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-56339 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6839 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6839 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6844 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6844 Référence CVE CVE-2024-6866 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-6866 Référence CVE CVE-2025-12635 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-12635 Référence CVE CVE-2025-12875 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-12875 Référence CVE CVE-2025-14914 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-14914 Référence CVE CVE-2025-21587 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-21587 Référence CVE CVE-2025-27516 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-27516 Référence CVE CVE-2025-2900 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-2900 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30167 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30167 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30698 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30698 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30749 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2025-30749 Référence CVE CVE-2025-30754 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CV

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2025-020884Ruby 用 mruby における境界外書き込みに関する脆弱性

Ruby 用 mruby には、境界外書き込みに関する脆弱性が存在します。

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6641MS 12월 보안 위협에 따른 정기 보안 업데이트 권고

Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-13224 | Chromium: CVE-2025-13224 Type Confusion in V8 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-13223 | Chromium: CVE-2025-13223 Type Confusion in V8 | | Mariner | CVE-2025-13193 | Libvirt: information disclosure via world-readable vm snapshots | | Mariner | CVE-2025-13120 | mruby array.c sort_cmp use after free | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-13042 | Chromium: CVE-2025-13042 Inappropriate implementation in V8 | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12889 | TLS 1.2 Client Can Downgrade Digest Used | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12888 | Constant Time Issue with Xtensa-based ESP32 and X22519 | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12875 | mruby array.c ary_fill_exec out-of-bounds write | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12819 | Untrusted search path in auth_query connection in PgBouncer | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12818 | PostgreSQL libpq undersizes allocations, via integer wraparound | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12817 | PostgreSQL CREATE STATISTICS does not check for schema CREATE privilege | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12748 | Libvirt: denial of service in xml parsing | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12385 | Improper validation of tag size in Text component parser | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12084 | Quadratic complexity in node ID cache clearing | | Mariner | CVE-2025-11936 | Potential DoS Vulnerability through Mult

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6621MS 11월 보안 위협에 따른 정기 보안 업데이트 권고

ws 파일 탐색기 스푸핑 취약성 | | Windows Secure Boot | CVE-2025-47827 | MITRE CVE-2025-47827: IGEL OS 11 이전 버전에서 보안 부팅 바이패스 | | Microsoft Configuration Manager | CVE-2025-47179 | 구성 관리자 권한 상승 취약성 | | Mariner | CVE-2025-40109 | crypto: rng - Ensure set_ent is always present | | Mariner | CVE-2025-40107 | can: hi311x: fix null pointer dereference when resuming from sleep before interface was enabled | | Mariner | CVE-2025-31133 | runc container escape via "masked path" abuse due to mount race conditions | | Nuance PowerScribe | CVE-2025-30398 | Nuance PowerScribe 360 정보 공개 취약성 | | Microsoft PowerShell | CVE-2025-25004 | PowerShell 권한 상승 취약성 | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12875 | mruby array.c ary_fill_exec out-of-bounds write | | Mariner | CVE-2025-12863 | Libxml2: namespace use-after-free in xmlsettreedoc() function of libxml2 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-12729 | Chromium: CVE-2025-12729 Omnibox에서 부적절한 구현 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-12728 | Chromium: CVE-2025-12728 Omnibox에서 부적절한 구현 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-12727 | Chromium: CVE-2025-12727 V8에서 부적절한 구현 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-12726 | Chromium: CVE-2025-12726 보기에서 부적절한 구현 | | Microsoft Edge (Chromium-based) | CVE-2025-12725 | Chromium: CVE-2025-12725 WebGPU에서 범위를 벗어난 쓰기 | | Microsoft

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
mruby: 3.4.0
Fixed
An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
Action
Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 7 Nov 2025 · Last source change 24 Feb 2026, 06:25 UTC · CWE-787 · Out-of-bounds Write

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2025-38294
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment

Missing structured fields: affected product. Missing data is not evidence of low risk; review the primary advisory.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗

No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.

Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2025-12875 · cve.blacktree.nl