Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- Exploitation requires an existing local or physical foothold with privileges.
- EPSS is 0.21% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2024
CVE-2024-43900High confidence
media: xc2028: avoid use-after-free in load_firmware_cb()
Linux · Linux
7.8HighCVSS 3.1
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productHigh technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 15 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:Medium, lowered one band.downgradedsince 11 May 2026
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Linux Linux and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 15 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Canonical Ubuntu Security: 15 affected package states with no published fix
Distribution package intelligence
19 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Package result overrides the generic status
BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 15 affected package states shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.10.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.1.106-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.10.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 6.10.6-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-aws | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-azure | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gcp | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gke | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-gkeop | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-ibm | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-lowlatency | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-nvidia | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-nvidia-lowlatency | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-oem-6.8 | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-oracle | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-raspi | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-riscv | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archive | linux-xilinx | Affected, no fix publishedCanonical OVAL identifies this running kernel flavour as affected and does not publish a fixed package version in this definition. | Not published in this feed | Canonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 15 structured product or package states remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: xc2028: avoid use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() syzkaller reported use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() [1]. The reason is because the module allocated a struct tuner in tuner_probe(), and then the module initialization failed, the struct tuner was released. A worker which created during module initialization accesses this struct tuner later, it caused use-after-free. The process is as follows: task-6504 worker_thread tuner_probe <= alloc dvb_frontend [2] ... request_firmware_nowait <= create a worker ... tuner_remove <= free dvb_frontend ... request_firmware_work_func <= the firmware is ready load_firmware_cb <= but now the dvb_frontend has been freed To fix the issue, check the dvd_frontend in load_firmware_cb(), if it is null, report a warning and just return. [1]: ================================================================== BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 Read of size 8 at addr ffff8000d7ca2308 by task kworker/2:3/6504 Call trace: load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 request_firmware_work_func+0x128/0x220 process_one_work+0x770/0x1824 worker_thread+0x488/0xea0 kthread+0x300/0x430 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Allocated by task 6504: kzalloc tuner_probe+0xb0/0x1430 i2c_device_probe+0x92c/0xaf0 really_probe+0x678/0xcd0 driver_probe_device+0x280/0x370 __device_attach_driver+0x220/0x330 bus_for_each_drv+0x134/0x1c0 __device_attach+0x1f4/0x410 device_initial_probe+0x20/0x30 bus_probe_device+0x184/0x200 device_add+0x924/0x12c0 device_register+0x24/0x30 i2c_new_device+0x4e0/0xc44 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev_board+0xbc/0x290 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev+0xc8/0x104 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1dd0/0x3770 Freed by task 6504: kfree+0x238/0x4e4 tuner_remove+0x144/0x1c0 i2c_device_remove+0xc8/0x290 __device_release_driver+0x314/0x5fc device_release_driver+0x30/0x44 bus_remove_device+0x244/0x490 device_del+0x350/0x900 device_unregister+0x28/0xd0 i2c_unregister_device+0x174/0x1d0 v4l2_device_unregister+0x224/0x380 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1d90/0x3770 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8000d7ca2000 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-2k of size 2048 The buggy address is located 776 bytes inside of 2048-byte region [ffff8000d7ca2000, ffff8000d7ca2800) The buggy address belongs to the page: page:ffff7fe00035f280 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8000c001f000 index:0x0 flags: 0x7ff800000000100(slab) raw: 07ff800000000100 ffff7fe00049d880 0000000300000003 ffff8000c001f000 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected Memory state around the buggy address: ffff8000d7ca2200: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2280: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb >ffff8000d7ca2300: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff8000d7ca2380: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ================================================================== [2] Actually, it is allocated for struct tuner, and dvb_frontend is inside.
What
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: xc2028: avoid use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() syzkaller reported use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() [1]. The reason is because the module allocated a struct tuner in tuner_probe(), and then the module initialization failed, the struct tuner was released. A worker which created during module initialization accesses this struct tuner later, it caused use-after-free. The process is as follows: task-6504 worker_thread tuner_probe <= alloc dvb_frontend [2] ... request_firmware_nowait <= create a worker ... tuner_remove <= free dvb_frontend ... request_firmware_work_func <= the firmware is ready load_firmware_cb <= but now the dvb_frontend has been freed To fix the issue, check the dvd_frontend in load_firmware_cb(), if it is null, report a warning and just return. [1]: ================================================================== BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 Read of size 8 at addr ffff8000d7ca2308 by task kworker/2:3/6504 Call trace: load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 request_firmware_work_func+0x128/0x220 process_one_work+0x770/0x1824 worker_thread+0x488/0xea0 kthread+0x300/0x430 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Allocated by task 6504: kzalloc tuner_probe+0xb0/0x1430 i2c_device_probe+0x92c/0xaf0 really_probe+0x678/0xcd0 driver_probe_device+0x280/0x370 __device_attach_driver+0x220/0x330 bus_for_each_drv+0x134/0x1c0 __device_attach+0x1f4/0x410 device_initial_probe+0x20/0x30 bus_probe_device+0x184/0x200 device_add+0x924/0x12c0 device_register+0x24/0x30 i2c_new_device+0x4e0/0xc44 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev_board+0xbc/0x290 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev+0xc8/0x104 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1dd0/0x3770 Freed by task 6504: kfree+0x238/0x4e4 tuner_remove+0x144/0x1c0 i2c_device_remove+0xc8/0x290 __device_release_driver+0x314/0x5fc device_release_driver+0x30/0x44 bus_remove_device+0x244/0x490 device_del+0x350/0x900 device_unregister+0x28/0xd0 i2c_unregister_device+0x174/0x1d0 v4l2_device_unregister+0x224/0x380 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1d90/0x3770 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8000d7ca2000 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-2k of size 2048 The buggy address is located 776 bytes inside of 2048-byte region [ffff8000d7ca2000, ffff8000d7ca2800) The buggy address belongs to the page: page:ffff7fe00035f280 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8000c001f000 index:0x0 flags: 0x7ff800000000100(slab) raw: 07ff800000000100 ffff7fe00049d880 0000000300000003 ffff8000c001f000 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected Memory state around the buggy address: ffff8000d7ca2200: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2280: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb >ffff8000d7ca2300: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff8000d7ca2380: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ================================================================== [2] Actually, it is allocated for struct tuner, and dvb_frontend is inside.
Why
The program can continue using memory after it has been released, producing unsafe and attacker-influenceable behaviour.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: media: xc2028: avoid use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() syzkaller reported use-after-free in load_firmware_cb() [1]. The reason is because the module allocated a struct tuner in tuner_probe(), and then the module initialization failed, the struct tuner was released. A worker which created during module initialization accesses this struct tuner later, it caused use-after-free. The process is as follows: task-6504 worker_thread tuner_probe <= alloc dvb_frontend [2] ... request_firmware_nowait <= create a worker ... tuner_remove <= free dvb_frontend ... request_firmware_work_func <= the firmware is ready load_firmware_cb <= but now the dvb_frontend has been freed To fix the issue, check the dvd_frontend in load_firmware_cb(), if it is null, report a warning and just return. [1]: ================================================================== BUG: KASAN: use-after-free in load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 Read of size 8 at addr ffff8000d7ca2308 by task kworker/2:3/6504 Call trace: load_firmware_cb+0x1310/0x17a0 request_firmware_work_func+0x128/0x220 process_one_work+0x770/0x1824 worker_thread+0x488/0xea0 kthread+0x300/0x430 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 Allocated by task 6504: kzalloc tuner_probe+0xb0/0x1430 i2c_device_probe+0x92c/0xaf0 really_probe+0x678/0xcd0 driver_probe_device+0x280/0x370 __device_attach_driver+0x220/0x330 bus_for_each_drv+0x134/0x1c0 __device_attach+0x1f4/0x410 device_initial_probe+0x20/0x30 bus_probe_device+0x184/0x200 device_add+0x924/0x12c0 device_register+0x24/0x30 i2c_new_device+0x4e0/0xc44 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev_board+0xbc/0x290 v4l2_i2c_new_subdev+0xc8/0x104 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1dd0/0x3770 Freed by task 6504: kfree+0x238/0x4e4 tuner_remove+0x144/0x1c0 i2c_device_remove+0xc8/0x290 __device_release_driver+0x314/0x5fc device_release_driver+0x30/0x44 bus_remove_device+0x244/0x490 device_del+0x350/0x900 device_unregister+0x28/0xd0 i2c_unregister_device+0x174/0x1d0 v4l2_device_unregister+0x224/0x380 em28xx_v4l2_init+0x1d90/0x3770 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8000d7ca2000 which belongs to the cache kmalloc-2k of size 2048 The buggy address is located 776 bytes inside of 2048-byte region [ffff8000d7ca2000, ffff8000d7ca2800) The buggy address belongs to the page: page:ffff7fe00035f280 count:1 mapcount:0 mapping:ffff8000c001f000 index:0x0 flags: 0x7ff800000000100(slab) raw: 07ff800000000100 ffff7fe00049d880 0000000300000003 ffff8000c001f000 raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000 page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected Memory state around the buggy address: ffff8000d7ca2200: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2280: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb >ffff8000d7ca2300: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ^ ffff8000d7ca2380: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ffff8000d7ca2400: fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb fb ================================================================== [2] Actually, it is allocated for struct tuner, and dvb_frontend is inside.
Why
The program can continue using memory after it has been released, producing unsafe and attacker-influenceable behaviour.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- local access → Use After Free → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
- Attack surface
- Local
- Privileges required
- Low: a basic authenticated account is required
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-416 ↗
CWE-416: Use After Free. The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory belongs to the code that operates on the new pointer.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 26 Aug 2024 · Last source change 11 May 2026, 20:31 UTC · CWE-416 · Use After Free
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2024-40550
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceNIST NVD
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.