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Full vulnerability report · 2024
CVE-2024-35250High confidence

Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Driver Untrusted Pointer Dereference Vulnerability

Microsoft · Windows

7.8HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Patch now

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2025-01-06 as the remediation due date.

Patch available
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityHighOperational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 16 Dec 2024

Evidence used

  • CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
  • Exploitation requires an existing local or physical foothold with privileges.
  • EPSS is 25.22% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Microsoft Windows and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 3 daysRemediation target: Within 90 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2024-35761

CISA KEV mirrored by ENISA

Windows Kernel-Mode Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Recorded by ENISA since 16 Dec 2024. Evidence sources: cisa_kev.
ENISA score
7.8 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
3 linked advisory records
Explicit mitigation evidence

Only statements that explicitly mention a fix, patch, update, workaround or mitigation are shown here.

  • csaf_ncscnl · NCSC-2024-0248Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Microsoft Windows
Recommended actionPatch now

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2025-01-06 as the remediation due date.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Driver contains an untrusted pointer dereference vulnerability that allows a local attacker to escalate privileges.

What

Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Driver contains an untrusted pointer dereference vulnerability that allows a local attacker to escalate privileges.

Why

The product obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Driver contains an untrusted pointer dereference vulnerability that allows a local attacker to escalate privileges.

Why

The product obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Confirmed in the wild

CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2024-12-16.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
local access → Untrusted Pointer Dereference → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
Low: a basic authenticated account is required
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-822 ↗

CWE-822: Untrusted Pointer Dereference. The product obtains a value from an untrusted source, converts this value to a pointer, and dereferences the resulting pointer.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
CWE-822CISA KEV
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2024-35761Known-exploited evidence recorded

Windows Kernel-Mode Driver Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability

Official EUVD record ↗
BSI · German · WID-SEC-2024-1347Microsoft Windows: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in verschiedenen Versionen von Microsoft Windows und Microsoft Windows Server ausnutzen, um beliebigen Programmcode mit Administratorrechten auszuführen, seine Privilegien zu erweitern, beliebigen Programmcode auszuführen, Informationen offenzulegen oder einen Denial of Service Zustand herbeizuführen.

Official advisory ↗
Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20240612Security Bulletin 12 Jun 2024

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 12 Jun 2024, published on 12 June 2024. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2024-AVI-0486Multiples vulnérabilités dans Microsoft Windows

é Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30089 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30090 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30091 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30093 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30094 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30095 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30096 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30097 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-30099 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-35250 du 11 juin 2024 Bulletin de sécurité Microsoft Windows CVE-2024-35265 du 11 juin 2024 Une gestion de version détaillée se trouve à la fin de ce document. Risques Atteinte à la confidentialité des données Déni de service Exécution de code arbitraire à distance Élévation de privilèges Systèmes affectés Windows 10 pour systèmes 32 bits versions antérieures à 10.0.10240.20680 Windows 10 pour systèmes x64 versions antérieures à 10.0.10240.20680 Windows 10 Version 1607 pour systèmes 32 bits versions antérieures à 10.0.14393.7070 Windows 10 Version 1607 pour systèmes x64 versions antérieures à 10.0.14393.7070 Windows 10 Version 1809 pour systèmes 3

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2024-003688マイクロソフトの複数の Microsoft Windows 製品における権限を昇格される脆弱性

マイクロソフトの Microsoft Windows 10、Windows 11、Windows Server には、Windows カーネルモードドライバに不備があるため、権限を昇格される脆弱性が存在します。

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6359美 CISA 발표 주요 Exploit 정보공유(Update. 2024-12-16)

Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Driver contains an untrusted pointer dereference vulnerability that allows a local attacker to escalate privileges.

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6220MS 6월 보안 위협에 따른 정기 보안 업데이트 권고

| Chromium: CVE-2024-4947 V8에서 유형 혼란 | | Azure Data Science Virtual Machines | CVE-2024-37325 | Azure DSVM(Data Science Virtual Machine) 권한 상승 취약성 | | Windows Perception Service | CVE-2024-35265 | Windows Perception 서비스 권한 상승 취약성 | | Microsoft Dynamics | CVE-2024-35263 | Microsoft Dynamics 365(온-프레미스) 정보 공개 취약성 | | Azure SDK | CVE-2024-35255 | Azure ID 라이브러리 및 Microsoft 인증 라이브러리 권한 상승 취약성 | | Azure Monitor | CVE-2024-35254 | Azure Monitor 에이전트 권한 상승 취약성 | | Azure File Sync | CVE-2024-35253 | Microsoft Azure 파일 동기화 권한 상승 취약성 | | Azure Storage Library | CVE-2024-35252 | Azure Storage 이동 클라이언트 라이브러리 서비스 거부 취약성 | | Windows Kernel-Mode Drivers | CVE-2024-35250 | Windows 커널 모드 드라이버 권한 상승 취약성 | | Dynamics Business Central | CVE-2024-35249 | Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Dynamics Business Central | CVE-2024-35248 | Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central 권한 상승 취약성 | | Microsoft Office | CVE-2024-30104 | Microsoft Office 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Microsoft Office Outlook | CVE-2024-30103 | Microsoft Outlook 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Microsoft Office Word | CVE-2024-30102 | Microsoft Office 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Microsoft Office | CVE-2024-30101 | Microsoft Office 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Microsoft Office SharePoint | CVE-2024-30100 | Microsoft SharePoint Server 원격 코드 실행 취약성 | | Windows NT OS Kernel | CVE-

Official advisory ↗
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2024-0248Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Microsoft Windows

Een kwaadwillende kan de kwetsbaarheden misbruiken om aanvallen uit te voeren die kunnen leiden tot de volgende categorieën schade: - Denial-of-Service (DoS) - Omzeilen van beveiligingsmaatregel - (Remote) code execution (Administrator/Root rechten) - (Remote) code execution (Gebruikersrechten) - SQL Injection - Toegang tot systeemgegevens - Verhoogde gebruikersrechten De ernstigste kwetsbaarheid heeft kenmerk CVE-2024-30080 toegewezen gekregen en bevindt zich in de MSMQ Message Queueing. Een kwaadwillende kan de kwetsbaarheid misbruiken om willekeurige code uit te voeren met verhoogde rechten. Hiervoor dient de MSMQ wel geactiveerd te zijn. Dit is geen standaard optie. Bij correct gebruik is een actieve MSMQ niet vanaf publieke netwerken te bereiken, maar allen vanaf het lokale netwerk. Grootschalig misbruik is daarmee niet waarschijnlijk. ``` Windows Kernel-Mode Drivers: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-35250 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30084 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS): |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30094 | 7.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2024-30095 | 7.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Windows Speech: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30097 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Standards-Based Storage Management Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30083 | 7.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows DHCP Server: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30070 | 7.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Kernel: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30064 | 8.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30068 | 8.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Streaming Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30089 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30090 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Remote Access Connection Manager: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30069 | 4.70 | Toegang tot gevoelige gegevens | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Win32K - GRFX: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30082 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30087 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30091 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft Windows: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2023-50868 | 7.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Server Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30080 | 9.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | | CVE-2024-30062 | 7.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Wi-Fi Driver: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30078 | 8.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Event Logging Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30072 | 7.80 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Container Manager Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30076 | 6.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Cloud Files Mini Filter Driver: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30085 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Microsoft WDAC OLE DB provider for SQL: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30077 | 8.00 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Cryptographic Services: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30096 | 5.50 | Toegang tot gevoelige gegevens | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows NT OS Kernel: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30088 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30099 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Winlogon: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30066 | 5.50 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | | CVE-2024-30067 | 5.50 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Win32 Kernel Subsystem: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30086 | 7.80 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Perception Service: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-35265 | 7.00 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Themes: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30065 | 5.50 | Denial-of-Service | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Storage: |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30093 | 7.30 | Verkrijgen van verhoogde rechten | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| Windows Distributed File System (DFS): |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-ID | CVSS | Impact | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| | CVE-2024-30063 | 6.70 | Uitvoeren van willekeurige code | |----------------|------|-------------------------------------| ```

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
Fixed
An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
Action
Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 11 Jun 2024 · Last source change 10 Aug 2026, 15:12 UTC · CWE-822 · Untrusted Pointer Dereference

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2024-35761
Product sourceCISA KEV
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceOther authority
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    10.0.10240.0 < 10.0.10240.20680; 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.7070; 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.5936; 10.0.0 < 10.0.17763.5936; 10.0.19044.0 < 10.0.19044.4529; 10.0.19045.0 < 10.0.19045.4529; 10.0.22000.0 < 10.0.22000.3019; 10.0.22621.0 < 10.0.22621.3737 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
    After
    Windows 10 Version 1507: 10.0.10240.0 < 10.0.10240.20680; Windows 10 Version 1607: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.7070; Windows 10 Version 1809: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.5936, 10.0.0 < 10.0.17763.5936; Windows 10 Version 21H2: 10.0.19044.0 < 10.0.19044.4529; Windows 10 Version 22H2: 10.0.19045.0 < 10.0.19045.4529; Windows 11 version 21H2: 10.0.22000.0 < 10.0.22000.3019; Windows 11 version 22H2: 10.0.22621.0 < 10.0.22621.3737; Windows 11 version 23H2: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.3737; Windows 11 Version 23H2: 10.0.22631.0 < 10.0.22631.3737; Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1: 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.27170; Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation): 6.1.7601.0 < 6.1.7601.27170; Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2: 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.22720; Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation): 6.0.6003.0 < 6.0.6003.22720; Windows Server 2012: 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.24919; Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation): 6.2.9200.0 < 6.2.9200.24919; Windows Server 2012 R2: 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22023; Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation): 6.3.9600.0 < 6.3.9600.22023; Windows Server 2016: 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.7070; Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation): 10.0.14393.0 < 10.0.14393.7070; Windows Server 2019: 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.5936; Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation): 10.0.17763.0 < 10.0.17763.5936; Windows Server 2022: 10.0.20348.0 < 10.0.20348.2527; Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation): 10.0.25398.0 < 10.0.25398.950 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
    CNA ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Added to CISA KEV
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2024-35761↗CISA KEV record↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2024-35250 · cve.blacktree.nl