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Full vulnerability report · 2025
CVE-2023-43000High confidence

Apple Multiple products Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Apple · Multiple Products

8.8HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-03-26 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityHighOperational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 5 Mar 2026

Evidence used

  • CISA confirms exploitation in the wild.
  • A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
  • EPSS is 4.04% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Apple Multiple Products and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: Within 3 daysRemediation target: Within 90 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Cross-source reconciliation

Remediation availability differs by product scope

Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Distribution package intelligence

Release-specific package status

Debian, ubuntu findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.

9 package states
Package result overrides the generic status

BlackTree has verified remediation for at least one product or source, but the relevant distribution still reports no fixed package for 1 affected package state shown here. Treat those rows as affected with no fix until that distribution publishes a fixed version.

Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Distribution releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Debian trixietrixie · sourcewebkit2gtkVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian trixietrixie · sourcewpewebkitVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourcewebkit2gtkVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.1-1~deb12u1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourcewpewebkitAffected, no fix publishedDebian currently tracks this release as open.Not published in this feedDebian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourcewebkit2gtkVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourcewpewebkitVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourcewebkit2gtkVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourcewpewebkitVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2.42.0-1Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 6 Oct 2026
Ubuntu 24.04 LTSnoble · standard archiveqtwebkit-opensource-srcUnder evaluationCanonical reports that the package might be affected and still needs evaluation or fixing.Not published in this feedCanonical Ubuntu Security ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2023-43000 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitywebkitgtk: Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption
9 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • webkitgtk as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • webkitgtk-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • webkitgtk-doc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • webkitgtk.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
  • libwebkit2gtk as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
  • webkitgtk3 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
  • webkitgtk3-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
  • webkitgtk3-doc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
  • webkitgtk3.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
Summary
A flaw was found in WebKitGTK. Processing malicious web content can cause a use-after-free issue due to improper memory management and result in memory corruption.
Remediation
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2023-47421

CISA KEV mirrored by ENISA

A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.5, iOS 16.6 and iPadOS 16.6, Safari 16.6, iOS 15.8.7 and iPadOS 15.8.7. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Recorded by ENISA since 5 Mar 2026. Evidence sources: cisa_kev.
ENISA score
8.8 · CVSS 3.1
Advisory evidence
19 linked advisory records
Explicit mitigation evidence

Only statements that explicitly mention a fix, patch, update, workaround or mitigation are shown here.

  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:9679Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_suse · SUSE-SU-2025:4423-1Security update for webkit2gtk3
  • csaf_suse · SUSE-SU-2025:4416-1Security update for webkit2gtk3
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2025:10364Red Hat Security Advisory: webkitgtk4 security update
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:9646Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:2982Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:8492Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_suse · SUSE-SU-2026:0021-1Security update for webkit2gtk3
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:8496Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2025:22790Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:9680Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_ncscnl · NCSC-2026-0098Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Apple iOS en iPadOS
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:2126Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_suse · SUSE-SU-2026:20102-1Security update for webkit2gtk3
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2025:22789Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
  • csaf_opensuse · openSUSE-SU-2026:20065-1Security update for webkit2gtk3
  • csaf_redhat · RHSA-2024:9653Red Hat Security Advisory: webkit2gtk3 security update
Recommended actionPatch only the product branches with a verified fix

CISA confirms exploitation in the wild and lists 2026-03-26 as the remediation due date. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.

Fix availability varies by product
01

What, why and how

Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and Safari 16.6 contain a use-after-free vulnerability due to the processing of maliciously crafted web content that may lead to memory corruption.

What

Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and Safari 16.6 contain a use-after-free vulnerability due to the processing of maliciously crafted web content that may lead to memory corruption.

Why

The program can continue using memory after it has been released, producing unsafe and attacker-influenceable behaviour.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

Apple macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and Safari 16.6 contain a use-after-free vulnerability due to the processing of maliciously crafted web content that may lead to memory corruption.

Why

The program can continue using memory after it has been released, producing unsafe and attacker-influenceable behaviour.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication after a user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Confirmed in the wild

CISA added this CVE to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on 2026-03-05.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
Reference recorded

A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.

Likely attack path
a network path → Use After Free → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
Required interaction required
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-416 ↗

CWE-416: Use After Free. The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory belongs to the code that operates on the new pointer.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UIRequiredUser interaction: Another user must perform an action for exploitation to succeed.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-416CISA KEVPublic exploit reference
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-47421Known-exploited evidence recorded

A use-after-free issue was addressed with improved memory management. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.5, iOS 16.6 and iPadOS 16.6, Safari 16.6, iOS 15.8.7 and iPadOS 15.8.7. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to memory corruption.

Official EUVD record ↗
BSI · German · WID-SEC-2026-0705Apple iOS und iPadOS: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Apple iOS und Apple iPadOS ausnutzen, um beliebigen Code auszuführen oder eine Speicherbeschädigung mit unbestimmten Folgen zu erreichen.

Official advisory ↗
BSI · German · WID-SEC-2025-2657WebKitGTK: Mehrere Schwachstellen

Ein entfernter, anonymer Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in WebKitGTK ausnutzen, um Memory Corruption, Prozessabstürze (DoS) oder Cross-Origin-Datenexfiltration zu verursachen oder potentiell Code auszuführen.

Official advisory ↗
Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20251112Security Bulletin 12 Nov 2025

The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 12 Nov 2025, published on 12 November 2025. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2026-AVI-0280Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits Apple

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans les produits Apple. Elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une exécution de code arbitraire et un problème de sécurité non spécifié par l'éditeur.

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2023-029913複数のアップル製品における解放済みメモリの使用に関する脆弱性

Safari、iPadOS、iOS 等複数のアップル製品には、解放済みメモリの使用に関する脆弱性が存在します。

Official advisory ↗
KISA KrCERT/CC · Korean · KNVD-6716美 CISA 발표 주요 Exploit 정보공유(Update. 2026-03-05)

Apple Multiple products Use-After-Free Vulnerability

Official advisory ↗
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2026-0098Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Apple iOS en iPadOS

A use-after-free vulnerability causing potential memory corruption was fixed in Apple’s macOS, iOS, iPadOS, Safari 16.6, and WebKitGTK by improving memory management when processing malicious web content.

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Fix availability varies by product
Affected
Fixed
Action
Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
Official vendor articles1 stored document

Linked articles are downloaded and versioned as source evidence. A CVE mention or approved update relationship does not, by itself, verify a fix for every product branch.

  • About the security content of Safari 16.6 - Apple Support →Original publisher ↗Searchable text snapshot · Captured 29 Sep 2026Apple Store Mac iPad iPhone Watch Vision AirPods TV & Home Entertainment Accessories Support 0 + "},{"name":"compact","assetInline":" "}],"analyticsAttributes":[{"name":"data-analytics-title","value":"apple home"}]},{"id":"ad4a2a26eb4836393385e9f6c61b526b4a3cb31409c5ed8730ce7a704dd7132f","name":"store","te
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 5 Nov 2025 · Last source change 21 Sept 2026, 19:03 UTC · CWE-416 · Use After Free

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-47421
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCISA ADP
NVD statusNVD enriched

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: removed remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000.
    Before
    remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · 2 more references
    After
    vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120338 · 1 more references
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  2. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
    After
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    CISA KEV ↗
  3. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Patch available to Awaiting fix.
    Before
    Patch available
    After
    Awaiting fix
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  4. Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: removed remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000.
    Before
    remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · 2 more references
    After
    vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120338 · 1 more references
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  5. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
    After
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    CISA KEV ↗
  6. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Patch available to Awaiting fix.
    Before
    Patch available
    After
    Awaiting fix
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  7. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
  8. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.
    Before
    Awaiting fix
    After
    Patch available
    Red Hat Product Security ↗
  9. Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: removed remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000.
    Before
    remediation: access.redhat.com/CVE-2023-43000 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · 2 more references
    After
    vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120324 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120331 · vendor advisory: support.apple.com/120338 · 1 more references
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  10. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258
    After
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    CISA KEV ↗
  11. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Patch available to Awaiting fix.
    Before
    Patch available
    After
    Awaiting fix
    product-security@apple.com ↗
  12. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    unspecified < 13.5; unspecified < 16.6; unspecified < 15.8.7 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    macOS: unspecified < 13.5; iOS and iPadOS: unspecified < 16.6, unspecified < 15.8.7; Safari: unspecified < 16.6 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    CNA ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Added to CISA KEV
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-47421↗Vendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security↗CISA KEV record↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Vendor advisory↗Vendor advisory↗Vendor advisory↗Public exploit reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2023-43000 · cve.blacktree.nl