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Full vulnerability report · 2023
CVE-2023-39191High confidence

Kernel: ebpf: insufficient stack type checks in dynptr

Red Hat · Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

8.2HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days

High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
Direct vendor intelligence

Authoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories

Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.

1 current
CVE-2023-39191 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitykernel: eBPF: insufficient stack type checks in dynptr
22 known affected

The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.

  • kernel-rt as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-devel-matched as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-kvm as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-modules-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-modules-internal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
  • kernel-rt-debug-modules-partner as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
Summary
An improper input validation flaw was found in the eBPF subsystem in the Linux kernel. The issue occurs due to a lack of proper validation of dynamic pointers within user-supplied eBPF programs prior to executing them. This may allow an attacker with CAP_BPF privileges to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel.
Remediation
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258 The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Select the national-authority views to include. The exact source language is shown on each matched advisory. Your choice is remembered on this device and encoded in the shareable URL.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2023-42926

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days

High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

An improper input validation flaw was found in the eBPF subsystem in the Linux kernel. The issue occurs due to a lack of proper validation of dynamic pointers within user-supplied eBPF programs prior to executing them. This may allow an attacker with CAP_BPF privileges to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel.

What

An improper input validation flaw was found in the eBPF subsystem in the Linux kernel. The issue occurs due to a lack of proper validation of dynamic pointers within user-supplied eBPF programs prior to executing them. This may allow an attacker with CAP_BPF privileges to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel.

Why

The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with elevated privileges. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.

What

An improper input validation flaw was found in the eBPF subsystem in the Linux kernel. The issue occurs due to a lack of proper validation of dynamic pointers within user-supplied eBPF programs prior to executing them. This may allow an attacker with CAP_BPF privileges to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel.

Why

The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.

How

An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with elevated privileges. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
local access → Improper Input Validation → execute code or commands in the affected security context
Attack surface
Local
Privileges required
High: elevated access is required
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Changed: exploitation can affect a different security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-20 ↗

CWE-20: Improper Input Validation. The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRHighPrivileges required: The attacker needs elevated or administrative privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SChangedScope: The attack can affect a component governed by a different security authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
After compromise, an attacker may use built-in shells, scripting engines, scheduled tasks and native network utilities for discovery, persistence or movement. This is a plausible LoTL path, not evidence that it has occurred for every attack.
Remote code executionCWE-20
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

BSI · German · WID-SEC-W-2023-2526Linux Kernel: Schwachstelle ermöglicht Privilegieneskalation

Ein lokaler Angreifer kann eine Schwachstelle im Linux Kernel ausnutzen, um seine Privilegien zu erhöhen.

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2024-AVI-0276Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de SUSE

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans le noyau Linux de SUSE . Elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une exécution de code arbitraire, un contournement de la politique de sécurité et une élévation de privilèges.

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2024-AVI-0265Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de SUSE

ord?id=CVE-2021-47076 Référence CVE CVE-2021-47077 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-47077 Référence CVE CVE-2021-47078 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-47078 Référence CVE CVE-2021-47083 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2021-47083 Référence CVE CVE-2022-20154 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-20154 Référence CVE CVE-2022-48627 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-48627 Référence CVE CVE-2023-0461 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-0461 Référence CVE CVE-2023-28746 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-28746 Référence CVE CVE-2023-35827 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-35827 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39191 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39191 Référence CVE CVE-2023-46343 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-46343 Référence CVE CVE-2023-46813 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-46813 Référence CVE CVE-2023-51042 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-51042 Référence CVE CVE-2023-51779 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-51779 Référence CVE CVE-2023-5197 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-5197 Référence CVE CVE-2023-52340 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-52340 Référence CVE CVE-2023-52429 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-52429 Référence CVE CVE-2023-52439 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CV

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2023-AVI-0961Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de SUSE

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans le noyau Linux de SUSE . Certaines d'entre elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer une élévation de privilèges, une atteinte à la confidentialité des données et une exécution de code arbitraire à distance.

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2023-AVI-0927Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de RedHat

rg/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3358 Référence CVE CVE-2023-33951 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-33951 Référence CVE CVE-2023-33952 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-33952 Référence CVE CVE-2023-35825 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-35825 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3609 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3609 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3772 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3772 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3773 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3773 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3776 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3776 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3812 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3812 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39191 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39191 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4128 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4128 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4155 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4155 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4194 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4194 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4206 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4206 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4207 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4207 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4208 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4208 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4273 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4273 Gestion détaillée du document le 10 novembre 2023 Version initiale Alertes A

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2023-AVI-0925Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de SUSE

rg/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-1206 Référence CVE CVE-2023-1859 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-1859 Référence CVE CVE-2023-2163 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-2163 Référence CVE CVE-2023-2177 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-2177 Référence CVE CVE-2023-31085 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-31085 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3111 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3111 Référence CVE CVE-2023-34324 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-34324 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3777 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3777 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39189 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39189 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39191 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39191 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39192 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39192 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39193 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39193 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39194 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39194 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4155 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4155 Référence CVE CVE-2023-42753 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-42753 Référence CVE CVE-2023-42754 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-42754 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4389 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4389 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4563 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2

Official advisory
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2023-AVI-0912Multiples vulnérabilités dans le noyau Linux de SUSE

rg/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-1859 Référence CVE CVE-2023-2163 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-2163 Référence CVE CVE-2023-2860 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-2860 Référence CVE CVE-2023-31085 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-31085 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3111 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3111 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3390 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3390 Référence CVE CVE-2023-34324 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-34324 Référence CVE CVE-2023-3777 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-3777 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39189 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39189 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39191 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39191 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39192 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39192 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39193 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39193 Référence CVE CVE-2023-39194 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-39194 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4004 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4004 Référence CVE CVE-2023-40283 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-40283 Référence CVE CVE-2023-4147 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-4147 Référence CVE CVE-2023-42754 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2023-42754 Référence CVE CVE-2023-45862 https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-

Official advisory
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
kernel-rt as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-devel-matched as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-kvm as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-modules-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-modules-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-modules-internal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-debug-modules-partner as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-devel-matched as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-kvm as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-modules as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-modules-core as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-modules-extra as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-modules-internal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-modules-partner as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt-selftests-internal as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9; kernel-rt.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
Fixed
bpftool-debuginfo-0:7.0.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); bpftool-debuginfo-0:7.0.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); bpftool-debuginfo-0:7.0.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); bpftool-debuginfo-0:7.0.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-debug-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-debug-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-debug-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-64k-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debug-devel-matched-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-common-aarch64-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.aarch64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-common-ppc64le-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-common-s390x-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.s390x as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-0:5.14.0-284.48.1.el9_2.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream EUS (v.9.2); and 499 more
Action
For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258 The system must be rebooted for this update to take effect.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 4 Oct 2023 · Last source change 6 Nov 2025, 21:01 UTC · CWE-20 · Improper Input Validation

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceCNA
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-42926
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates →

No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.

Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-42926↗Vendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security↗Patch or update reference↗Patch or update reference↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2023-39191 · cve.blacktree.nl