Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- EPSS is 1.20% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2023
CVE-2023-2454High confidence
n/a postgresql — Improper Input Validation
Unknown · postgresql
7.2HighCVSS 3.1
Patch only the product branches with a verified fix
Fix availability varies by productHigh technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:High, unchanged from published severity.unchanged
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Unknown postgresql and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Remediation availability differs by product scope
Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
- Siemens ProductCERT: 1 affected or under-investigation product state without a fixed product state in the same current advisory
Distribution package intelligence
3 package statesRelease-specific package status
Alpine, Debian findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpine v3.22v3.22 · community | postgresql15 | Vendor fix publishedAlpine records a security fix at this version. An absent entry does not mean the package is unaffected. | 15.3-r0 | Alpine Security Database ↗Source updated 11 Sep 2026 |
| Alpine v3.21v3.21 · community | postgresql15 | Vendor fix publishedAlpine records a security fix at this version. An absent entry does not mean the package is unaffected. | 15.3-r0 | Alpine Security Database ↗Source updated 19 Aug 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | postgresql-15 | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 15.3-0+deb12u1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Direct vendor intelligence
2 currentAuthoritative vendor CSAF and VEX advisories
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
CVE-2023-2454 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitypostgresql: schema_element defeats protective search_path changes
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- postgresql as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-contrib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-plperl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-plpython as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-pltcl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-server as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-test as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- Summary
- A flaw was found in PostgreSQL. Certain database calls could permit an attacker with elevated database-level privileges to execute arbitrary code.
- Remediation
- For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258 If the postgresql service is running, it will be automatically restarted after installing this update.
SSA-943925 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 2 · interimSiemens ProductCERTSSA-943925: Multiple Vulnerabilities in SINEC NMS before V2.0 SP1
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
- SINEC NMS
- Summary
- schema_element defeats protective search_path changes; It was found that certain database calls in PostgreSQL could permit an authed attacker with elevated database-level privileges to execute arbitrary code.
- Remediation
- Update to V2.0 SP1 or later version
High technical severity; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance. Verified remediation exists for at least one product or source, but 1 structured product or package state remain unresolved. Apply remediation only to the exact product branch confirmed by its source.
Fix availability varies by product01
What, why and how
schema_element defeats protective search_path changes; It was found that certain database calls in PostgreSQL could permit an authed attacker with elevated database-level privileges to execute arbitrary code.
What
schema_element defeats protective search_path changes; It was found that certain database calls in PostgreSQL could permit an authed attacker with elevated database-level privileges to execute arbitrary code.
Why
The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation with elevated privileges. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.
What
schema_element defeats protective search_path changes; It was found that certain database calls in PostgreSQL could permit an authed attacker with elevated database-level privileges to execute arbitrary code.
Why
The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation with elevated privileges. If successful, the issue may execute code or commands in the affected security context.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- a network path → Improper Input Validation → execute code or commands in the affected security context
- Attack surface
- Network
- Privileges required
- High: elevated access is required
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness. - CWE-20 ↗
CWE-20: Improper Input Validation. The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly.
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRHighPrivileges required: The attacker needs elevated or administrative privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.IHighIntegrity impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- After compromise, an attacker may use built-in shells, scripting engines, scheduled tasks and native network utilities for discovery, persistence or movement. This is a plausible LoTL path, not evidence that it has occurred for every attack.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Fix availability varies by product
- Affected
- postgresql as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-contrib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-plperl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-plpython as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-pltcl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-server as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql-test as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- postgresql as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-contrib as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-devel as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-libs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-plperl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-plpython as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-pltcl as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-server as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-static as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-test as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql-upgrade as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- postgresql.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
- Fixed
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-0:12.15-1.el7.src as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-syspaths-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-syspaths-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-contrib-syspaths-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-debuginfo-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-debuginfo-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-debuginfo-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-devel-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-devel-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-devel-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-docs-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-docs-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-docs-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-libs-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-libs-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-libs-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plperl-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plperl-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plperl-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plpython-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plpython-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-plpython-0:12.15-1.el7.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-pltcl-0:12.15-1.el7.ppc64le as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- rh-postgresql12-postgresql-pltcl-0:12.15-1.el7.s390x as a component of Red Hat Software Collections for RHEL Workstation(v. 7)
- and 1867 more
- Action
- Use the product-specific evidence above. Patch only products with a verified fixed release, and keep every affected or under-investigation state without a matching fix in the remediation queue.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 9 Jun 2023 · Last source change 4 Jun 2025, 03:56 UTC · CWE-20 · Improper Input Validation
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2023-33939
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Missing structured fields: affected product. Missing data is not evidence of low risk; review the primary advisory.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
- Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- PostgreSQL 15.3, PostgreSQL 14.8, PostgreSQL 13.11, PostgreSQL 12.15, PostgreSQL 11.20 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
- After
- PostgreSQL 15.3, PostgreSQL 14.8, PostgreSQL 13.11, PostgreSQL 12.15, PostgreSQL 11.20 · Fixed: For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to: https://access.redhat.com/articles/11258 If the postgresql service is running, it will be automatically restarted after installing this update.
- Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.Red Hat Product Security ↗
- Before
- Awaiting fix
- After
- Patch available
CVE published
Fixed release recorded from official guidance
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.