Evidence used
- No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
- Exploitation requires an existing local or physical foothold with privileges.
- EPSS is 0.24% for the current model date.
BlackTreeCVE IntelligenceFull vulnerability report · 2024
CVE-2021-47595High confidence
net/sched: sch_ets: don't remove idle classes from the round-robin list
Linux · Linux
5.5MediumCVSS 3.1
Scheduled
Patch availableMedium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.
R
Open reassessment dashboard →Operational reassessment
Published severity in operational context
Published severityMedium→Operational priority:Low, lowered one band.downgradedsince 11 May 2026
Compensating controls
- Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
- Restrict local access and enforce least privilege on affected hosts.
- Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.
Verification
- Confirm that the asset runs Linux Linux and falls inside the recorded affected range.
- Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
- Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
- Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Distribution package intelligence
4 package statesRelease-specific package status
Debian findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
| Distribution release | Source package | Vendor state | Fixed version | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debian trixietrixie · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 5.15.15-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian bookwormbookworm · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 5.15.15-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian forkyforky · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 5.15.15-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
| Debian sidsid · source | linux | Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release. | 5.15.15-1 | Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026 |
Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.
Patch available01
What, why and how
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: sch_ets: don't remove idle classes from the round-robin list Shuang reported that the following script: 1) tc qdisc add dev ddd0 handle 10: parent 1: ets bands 8 strict 4 priomap 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2) mausezahn ddd0 -A 10.10.10.1 -B 10.10.10.2 -c 0 -a own -b 00:c1:a0:c1:a0:00 -t udp & 3) tc qdisc change dev ddd0 handle 10: ets bands 4 strict 2 quanta 2500 2500 priomap 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 crashes systematically when line 2) is commented: list_del corruption, ffff8e028404bd30->next is LIST_POISON1 (dead000000000100) ------------[ cut here ]------------ kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:47! invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI CPU: 0 PID: 954 Comm: tc Not tainted 5.16.0-rc4+ #478 Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 1.11.1-4.module+el8.1.0+4066+0f1aadab 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000000682f48 CR3: 00000001058be000 CR4: 0000000000350ef0 Call Trace: <TASK> ets_qdisc_change+0x58b/0xa70 [sch_ets] tc_modify_qdisc+0x323/0x880 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x169/0x4a0 netlink_rcv_skb+0x50/0x100 netlink_unicast+0x1a5/0x280 netlink_sendmsg+0x257/0x4d0 sock_sendmsg+0x5b/0x60 ____sys_sendmsg+0x1f2/0x260 ___sys_sendmsg+0x7c/0xc0 __sys_sendmsg+0x57/0xa0 do_syscall_64+0x3a/0x80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae RIP: 0033:0x7efdc8031338 Code: 89 02 48 c7 c0 ff ff ff ff eb b5 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 48 8d 05 25 43 2c 00 8b 00 85 c0 75 17 b8 2e 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 58 c3 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 41 54 41 89 d4 55 RSP: 002b:00007ffdf1ce9828 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000061b37a97 RCX: 00007efdc8031338 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007ffdf1ce9890 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 000000000078a940 R10: 000000000000000c R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: 0000000000688880 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 </TASK> Modules linked in: sch_ets sch_tbf dummy rfkill iTCO_wdt iTCO_vendor_support intel_rapl_msr intel_rapl_common joydev pcspkr i2c_i801 virtio_balloon i2c_smbus lpc_ich ip_tables xfs libcrc32c crct10dif_pclmul crc32_pclmul crc32c_intel serio_raw ghash_clmulni_intel ahci libahci libata virtio_blk virtio_console virtio_net net_failover failover sunrpc dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod [last unloaded: sch_ets] ---[ end trace f35878d1912655c2 ]--- RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 000000000 ---truncated---
What
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: sch_ets: don't remove idle classes from the round-robin list Shuang reported that the following script: 1) tc qdisc add dev ddd0 handle 10: parent 1: ets bands 8 strict 4 priomap 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2) mausezahn ddd0 -A 10.10.10.1 -B 10.10.10.2 -c 0 -a own -b 00:c1:a0:c1:a0:00 -t udp & 3) tc qdisc change dev ddd0 handle 10: ets bands 4 strict 2 quanta 2500 2500 priomap 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 crashes systematically when line 2) is commented: list_del corruption, ffff8e028404bd30->next is LIST_POISON1 (dead000000000100) ------------[ cut here ]------------ kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:47! invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI CPU: 0 PID: 954 Comm: tc Not tainted 5.16.0-rc4+ #478 Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 1.11.1-4.module+el8.1.0+4066+0f1aadab 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000000682f48 CR3: 00000001058be000 CR4: 0000000000350ef0 Call Trace: <TASK> ets_qdisc_change+0x58b/0xa70 [sch_ets] tc_modify_qdisc+0x323/0x880 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x169/0x4a0 netlink_rcv_skb+0x50/0x100 netlink_unicast+0x1a5/0x280 netlink_sendmsg+0x257/0x4d0 sock_sendmsg+0x5b/0x60 ____sys_sendmsg+0x1f2/0x260 ___sys_sendmsg+0x7c/0xc0 __sys_sendmsg+0x57/0xa0 do_syscall_64+0x3a/0x80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae RIP: 0033:0x7efdc8031338 Code: 89 02 48 c7 c0 ff ff ff ff eb b5 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 48 8d 05 25 43 2c 00 8b 00 85 c0 75 17 b8 2e 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 58 c3 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 41 54 41 89 d4 55 RSP: 002b:00007ffdf1ce9828 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000061b37a97 RCX: 00007efdc8031338 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007ffdf1ce9890 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 000000000078a940 R10: 000000000000000c R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: 0000000000688880 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 </TASK> Modules linked in: sch_ets sch_tbf dummy rfkill iTCO_wdt iTCO_vendor_support intel_rapl_msr intel_rapl_common joydev pcspkr i2c_i801 virtio_balloon i2c_smbus lpc_ich ip_tables xfs libcrc32c crct10dif_pclmul crc32_pclmul crc32c_intel serio_raw ghash_clmulni_intel ahci libahci libata virtio_blk virtio_console virtio_net net_failover failover sunrpc dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod [last unloaded: sch_ets] ---[ end trace f35878d1912655c2 ]--- RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 000000000 ---truncated---
Why
The current structured CVE record identifies a security weakness, but the root cause requires confirmation in the linked vendor material.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.
What
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: sch_ets: don't remove idle classes from the round-robin list Shuang reported that the following script: 1) tc qdisc add dev ddd0 handle 10: parent 1: ets bands 8 strict 4 priomap 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2) mausezahn ddd0 -A 10.10.10.1 -B 10.10.10.2 -c 0 -a own -b 00:c1:a0:c1:a0:00 -t udp & 3) tc qdisc change dev ddd0 handle 10: ets bands 4 strict 2 quanta 2500 2500 priomap 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 crashes systematically when line 2) is commented: list_del corruption, ffff8e028404bd30->next is LIST_POISON1 (dead000000000100) ------------[ cut here ]------------ kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:47! invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI CPU: 0 PID: 954 Comm: tc Not tainted 5.16.0-rc4+ #478 Hardware name: Red Hat KVM, BIOS 1.11.1-4.module+el8.1.0+4066+0f1aadab 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000000682f48 CR3: 00000001058be000 CR4: 0000000000350ef0 Call Trace: <TASK> ets_qdisc_change+0x58b/0xa70 [sch_ets] tc_modify_qdisc+0x323/0x880 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x169/0x4a0 netlink_rcv_skb+0x50/0x100 netlink_unicast+0x1a5/0x280 netlink_sendmsg+0x257/0x4d0 sock_sendmsg+0x5b/0x60 ____sys_sendmsg+0x1f2/0x260 ___sys_sendmsg+0x7c/0xc0 __sys_sendmsg+0x57/0xa0 do_syscall_64+0x3a/0x80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae RIP: 0033:0x7efdc8031338 Code: 89 02 48 c7 c0 ff ff ff ff eb b5 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 48 8d 05 25 43 2c 00 8b 00 85 c0 75 17 b8 2e 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 58 c3 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 41 54 41 89 d4 55 RSP: 002b:00007ffdf1ce9828 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000061b37a97 RCX: 00007efdc8031338 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 00007ffdf1ce9890 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 000000000078a940 R10: 000000000000000c R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: 0000000000688880 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 </TASK> Modules linked in: sch_ets sch_tbf dummy rfkill iTCO_wdt iTCO_vendor_support intel_rapl_msr intel_rapl_common joydev pcspkr i2c_i801 virtio_balloon i2c_smbus lpc_ich ip_tables xfs libcrc32c crct10dif_pclmul crc32_pclmul crc32c_intel serio_raw ghash_clmulni_intel ahci libahci libata virtio_blk virtio_console virtio_net net_failover failover sunrpc dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod [last unloaded: sch_ets] ---[ end trace f35878d1912655c2 ]--- RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid.cold.1+0x12/0x47 Code: fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 c1 4c 89 c6 48 c7 c7 08 42 1b 87 e8 1d c5 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe 48 89 c2 48 c7 c7 98 42 1b 87 e8 09 c5 fe ff <0f> 0b 48 c7 c7 48 43 1b 87 e8 fb c4 fe ff 0f 0b 48 89 f2 48 89 fe RSP: 0018:ffffae46807a3888 EFLAGS: 00010246 RAX: 000000000000004e RBX: 0000000000000007 RCX: 0000000000000202 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff871ac536 RDI: 00000000ffffffff RBP: ffffae46807a3a10 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: c0000000ffff7fff R10: 0000000000000001 R11: ffffae46807a36a8 R12: ffff8e028404b800 R13: ffff8e028404bd30 R14: dead000000000100 R15: ffff8e02fafa2400 FS: 00007efdc92e4480(0000) GS:ffff8e02fb600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 000000000 ---truncated---
Why
The current structured CVE record identifies a security weakness, but the root cause requires confirmation in the linked vendor material.
How
An attacker operating through local access may attempt exploitation with low privileges. If successful, the issue may disrupt the affected service.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation No confirmed evidence
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material None recorded
?
Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.
- Likely attack path
- local access → vulnerable operation → disrupt the affected service
- Attack surface
- Local
- Privileges required
- Low: a basic authenticated account is required
- User interaction
- None
- Attack complexity
- Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
- Security boundary
- Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
- Weakness
?
CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration. - CWE not yet assigned
- CVSS vector
?
CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity. CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:HCommon Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVLocalAttack vector: The attacker needs local access to the vulnerable system.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRLowPrivileges required: The attacker needs basic user-level privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.- Post-exploitation / living off the land
- The issue can support a local privilege or sandbox boundary transition; normal system utilities may then be available in the gained context.
03
Patch and workaround
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
- Status
?
Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change. - Patch available
- Action
- Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
- Workaround
- No verified workaround is recorded. Limit untrusted access and use least privilege until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 19 Jun 2024 · Last source change 11 May 2026, 13:57 UTC · CWE not yet assigned
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.2
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
?
The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2021-34597
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceUnavailable
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Missing structured fields: CWE classification. Missing data is not evidence of low risk; review the primary advisory.
Material change intelligence
View recent updates ↗What changed after publication
No material field changes have been recorded since change tracking began. Routine source refreshes and cosmetic edits are intentionally excluded.
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
- CVE
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
- CVSS
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
- EPSS
- Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
- CWE
- Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
- CNA
- CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
- CISA ADP
- Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
- NVD
- National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
- CERT / CSIRT
- A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
- PoC
- Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
- CSAF
- Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
- LoTL
- Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.