In x/text in Go 1.15.4, an "index out of range" panic occurs in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing the -u- extension
Unknown · Unknown
7.5HighCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Within 7 days
High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
Published severityHigh→Operational priority:Critical, raised one band.upgradedsince 4 Aug 2024
Evidence used
No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
A structured source references public exploit or proof-of-concept material.
The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
EPSS is 2.33% for the current model date.
Compensating controls
Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
Increase monitoring for the attack path and post-exploitation behaviour described in the report.
Verification
Confirm that the asset runs Unknown Unknown and falls inside the recorded affected range.
Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Distribution package intelligence
Release-specific package status
Debian findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.
4 package states
Repository candidate not checked
A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.
Distribution release
Source package
Vendor state
Fixed version
Evidence
Debian trixietrixie · source
golang-golang-x-text
Vendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.
Structured product status and remediation from the issuing vendor. Product-state explanations are always visible; large lists can be searched or downloaded.
1 current
CVE-2020-28851 · CSAF 2.0 · revision 3 · finalRed Hat Product Securitygolang.org/x/text: Panic in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing -u- extension
55 known affected
The vendor explicitly identifies these products as affected by this CVE.
go.src as a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2
golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2
golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2
golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2
golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3
golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3
golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3
buildah.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
golang as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
golang-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
golang-misc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
Summary
A flaw was found in golang.org. In x/text, an "index out of range" panic occurs in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing the -u- extension.
Remediation
The OpenShift Service Mesh release notes provide information on the features and known issues: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/latest/service_mesh/v2x/servicemesh-release-notes.html
Optional official sources
National CERT insights ?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.
Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.
Official European source
ENISA European Vulnerability Database
Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.
1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier
EUVD-2020-21243
No EUVD known-exploited evidence
ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.
EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionWithin 7 days
High technical severity with public exploit material referenced by a structured source; prioritise exposed affected systems while verifying vendor guidance.
Patch available
01
What, why and how
In x/text in Go 1.15.4, an "index out of range" panic occurs in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing the -u- extension. (x/text/language is supposed to be able to parse an HTTP Accept-Language header.)
What
In x/text in Go 1.15.4, an "index out of range" panic occurs in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing the -u- extension. (x/text/language is supposed to be able to parse an HTTP Accept-Language header.)
Why
The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
What
In x/text in Go 1.15.4, an "index out of range" panic occurs in language.ParseAcceptLanguage while parsing the -u- extension. (x/text/language is supposed to be able to parse an HTTP Accept-Language header.)
Why
The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.
How
An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.
02
Exploit reality and attack path
CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.
Observed exploitation ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.No confirmed evidence
No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.
Public PoC / exploit material ?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.Reference recorded
A structured CVE source labels at least one public reference as exploit material. BlackTree has not independently validated that it is safe, reliable or weaponised.
Likely attack path
a network path → Improper Validation of Array Index → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
Low: no specialised conditions are recorded
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness ?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-129: Improper Validation of Array Index. The product uses untrusted input when calculating or using an array index, but the product does not validate or incorrectly validates the index to ensure the index references a valid position within the array.
CVSS vector ?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.
AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACLowAttack complexity: No specialised conditions are required beyond attacker-controlled input.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CNoneConfidentiality impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.AHighAvailability impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2020-21243Official EUVD mapping
0 linked advisory records.
Official EUVD record ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2023-2229Splunk Splunk Enterprise: Mehrere Schwachstellen
Ein entfernter, authentifizierter Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Splunk Splunk Enterprise ausnutzen, um beliebigen Code auszuführen, einen 'Denial of Service'-Zustand zu verursachen, seine Privilegien zu erweitern und weitere, nicht spezifizierte Auswirkungen zu verursachen.
Official advisory ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2022-0510IBM DB2: Mehrere Schwachstellen
Ein entfernter, anonymer, authentisierter oder lokaler Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in IBM DB2 ausnutzen, um Dateien zu manipulieren, Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu umgehen, vertrauliche Informationen offenzulegen, einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand auszulösen, willkürlichen Code mit erhöhten Rechten auszuführen, Informationen falsch darzustellen und beliebigen Code auszuführen.
Official advisory ↗BSI · German · WID-SEC-2022-0970Red Hat OpenShift: Mehrere Schwachstellen
Ein entfernter, anonymer oder authentisierter Angreifer kann mehrere Schwachstellen in Red Hat OpenShift ausnutzen, um einen Denial-of-Service-Zustand zu verursachen und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu umgehen.
Official advisory ↗Cyber Security Agency of Singapore · English · CSA-SB-20210106Security Bulletin 06 Jan 2021
The Cyber Security Agency of Singapore included this CVE in its official Security Bulletin 06 Jan 2021, published on 6 January 2021. Open the linked bulletin for the product, severity and reference information published in that issue.
Official advisory ↗CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2023-AVI-0701Multiples vulnérabilités dans Splunk
Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.
Status ?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
The OpenShift Service Mesh release notes provide information on the features and known issues: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/latest/service_mesh/v2x/servicemesh-release-notes.html
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04
Evidence and provenance
Published 2 Jan 2021 · Last source change 4 Aug 2024, 16:40 UTC · CWE-129 · Improper Validation of Array Index
CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source ?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.FIRST · tracked since 2026-08-14
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2020-21243
Product sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
Remediation sourceVendor CSAF · Red Hat Product Security
CWE sourceNIST NVD
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment
Missing structured fields: affected product. Missing data is not evidence of low risk; review the primary advisory.
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
servicemesh-cni as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-cni.src as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; go.src as a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; buildah.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-misc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-tests as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; podman.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; buildah-tests (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah-tests (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah.src (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah.src (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-catatonit (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-catatonit (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-docker (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-docker (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-gvproxy (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-gvproxy (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; and 27 more · Fixed: servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.src as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; openshift4-wincw/windows-machine-config-operator-bundle@sha256:e6ad3e6e043aeeebc84da2071ca26bb1e89c071598b5088a8a7f237626491072_amd64 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.10; openshift4-wincw/windows-machine-config-rhel8-operator@sha256:31af4d44c7cc4e00219a99451ce2e3523cdba90d575d58979ae1355c4350b6fe_amd64 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.10; aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.aarch64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.ppc64le (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.s390x (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.x86_64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.aarch64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.ppc64le (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.s390x (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.src (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.x86_64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); and 317 more
After
go.src as a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management for Kubernetes 2; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 2; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Ceph Storage 3; buildah.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-bin as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-docs as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-misc as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang-tests as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; golang.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; podman.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7; buildah-tests (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah-tests (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah.src (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah.src (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; buildah (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-catatonit (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-catatonit (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-docker (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-docker (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-gvproxy (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-gvproxy (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-manpages (container-tools:1.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; podman-manpages (container-tools:2.0) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8; and 25 more · Fixed: servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.src as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-istioctl-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixc-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-mixs-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-agent-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.ppc64le as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.s390x as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; servicemesh-pilot-discovery-0:2.0.9-3.el8.x86_64 as a component of OpenShift Service Mesh 2.0; openshift4-wincw/windows-machine-config-operator-bundle@sha256:e6ad3e6e043aeeebc84da2071ca26bb1e89c071598b5088a8a7f237626491072_amd64 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.10; openshift4-wincw/windows-machine-config-rhel8-operator@sha256:31af4d44c7cc4e00219a99451ce2e3523cdba90d575d58979ae1355c4350b6fe_amd64 as a component of Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 4.10; aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.aarch64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.ppc64le (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.s390x (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); aardvark-dns-2:1.0.1-27.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.x86_64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.aarch64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.ppc64le (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.s390x (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.src (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); buildah-1:1.24.2-4.module+el8.6.0+14673+621cb8be.x86_64 (container-tools:rhel8) as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux AppStream (v. 8); and 317 more
Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
Before
n/a · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
After
n/a · Fixed: The OpenShift Service Mesh release notes provide information on the features and known issues: https://docs.openshift.com/container-platform/latest/service_mesh/v2x/servicemesh-release-notes.html
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
BlackTreeCVE Intelligence