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Full vulnerability report · 2019
CVE-2019-9494High confidence

The implementations of SAE in hostapd and wpa_supplicant are vulnerable to side-channel attacks

Wi-Fi Alliance · hostapd with SAE support

5.9MediumCVSS 3.1
Recommended action
Scheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Patch available
R
Operational reassessment

Published severity in operational context

Open reassessment dashboard →
Published severityMediumOperational priority:Medium, unchanged from published severity.unchanged

Evidence used

  • No CISA KEV confirmation is currently recorded.
  • The selected CVSS metric records a network-reachable, unauthenticated path with no user interaction.
  • EPSS is 3.88% for the current model date.

Compensating controls

  • Validate the affected product branch and deploy the verified fixed release.
  • Restrict the affected network interface to trusted sources where business-safe.
  • Monitor vendor guidance and exploitation sources for a material change.

Verification

  1. Confirm that the asset runs Wi-Fi Alliance hostapd with SAE support and falls inside the recorded affected range.
  2. Verify the installed build against the product-specific fixed version after deployment.
  3. Validate exposure, authentication requirements and compensating controls in the actual environment.
  4. Reopen this reassessment when CVSS, KEV, EPSS, exploit evidence or remediation changes.
Mitigation target: As exposure requiresRemediation target: Within 365 days

This automated reassessment organises public evidence. It does not know asset exposure, business impact or control effectiveness and does not replace CVSS or a human risk decision.

Distribution package intelligence

Release-specific package status

Alpine, Debian findings are scoped to the named distribution, release and source package. An absent finding does not mean a package is unaffected.

7 package states
Repository candidate not checked

A published vendor fix does not prove that a matching update is enabled and installable on a particular asset. Confirm the local package candidate before scheduling remediation.

Distribution releaseSource packageVendor stateFixed versionEvidence
Alpine v3.23v3.23 · mainwpa_supplicantVendor fix publishedAlpine records a security fix at this version. An absent entry does not mean the package is unaffected.2.7-r2Alpine Security Database ↗Source updated 3 Oct 2026
Alpine v3.22v3.22 · mainwpa_supplicantVendor fix publishedAlpine records a security fix at this version. An absent entry does not mean the package is unaffected.2.7-r2Alpine Security Database ↗Source updated 3 Oct 2026
Alpine v3.21v3.21 · mainwpa_supplicantVendor fix publishedAlpine records a security fix at this version. An absent entry does not mean the package is unaffected.2.7-r2Alpine Security Database ↗Source updated 3 Oct 2026
Debian trixietrixie · sourcewpaVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2:2.7+git20190128+0c1e29f-4Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian bookwormbookworm · sourcewpaVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2:2.7+git20190128+0c1e29f-4Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian forkyforky · sourcewpaVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2:2.7+git20190128+0c1e29f-4Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Debian sidsid · sourcewpaVendor fix publishedDebian records a fixed source-package version for this release.2:2.7+git20190128+0c1e29f-4Debian Security Tracker ↗Source updated 5 Oct 2026
Optional official sources

National CERT insights
?CERT means Computer Emergency Response Team; CSIRT is the closely related term Computer Security Incident Response Team.

Choose official national sources for this report. Each advisory shows its original language. Your selection is remembered on this device and included in shared links.

Official European source

ENISA European Vulnerability Database

Official EUVD identifiers, advisory evidence and known-exploited context. Missing fields are not treated as evidence of low risk.

1 current
ENISA EUVD identifier

EUVD-2019-18868

No EUVD known-exploited evidence

ENISA has published the identifier mapping but no EUVD description has been stored yet.

EUVD state
Present in the current official mapping
Known exploitation
Not present in the current ENISA EUVD known-exploited dataset. This is not proof of no exploitation.
ENISA score
Not supplied in the stored EUVD record
Advisory evidence
No linked advisory details stored yet
Recommended actionScheduled

Medium technical severity with no CISA KEV confirmation; remediate through the normal risk-based patch cycle unless local exposure raises the priority.

Patch available
01

What, why and how

The implementations of SAE in hostapd and wpa_supplicant are vulnerable to side channel attacks as a result of observable timing differences and cache access patterns. An attacker may be able to gain leaked information from a side channel attack that can be used for full password recovery. Both hostapd with SAE support and wpa_supplicant with SAE support prior to and including version 2.7 are affected.

What

The implementations of SAE in hostapd and wpa_supplicant are vulnerable to side channel attacks as a result of observable timing differences and cache access patterns. An attacker may be able to gain leaked information from a side channel attack that can be used for full password recovery. Both hostapd with SAE support and wpa_supplicant with SAE support prior to and including version 2.7 are affected.

Why

Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

What

The implementations of SAE in hostapd and wpa_supplicant are vulnerable to side channel attacks as a result of observable timing differences and cache access patterns. An attacker may be able to gain leaked information from a side channel attack that can be used for full password recovery. Both hostapd with SAE support and wpa_supplicant with SAE support prior to and including version 2.7 are affected.

Why

Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.

How

An attacker operating through a network path may attempt exploitation without authentication or user interaction. If successful, the issue may cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor.

02

Exploit reality and attack path

CVSS severity, EPSS forecast probability, public exploit material and CISA-confirmed exploitation are separate signals.

Observed exploitation
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
No confirmed evidence

No CISA KEV match was present at the last successful refresh. This means no confirmation from that source, not proof of no exploitation.

Public PoC / exploit material
?Confirmed exploitation and public exploit material are separate signals. Attacks can occur without public proof-of-concept or exploit code.
None recorded

No exploit-tagged reference or CISA SSVC proof-of-concept state is currently recorded. Research may still exist outside the structured feeds.

Likely attack path
a network path → Observable Timing Discrepancy → cause the confidentiality, integrity or availability impact described by the vendor
Attack surface
Network
Privileges required
None: unauthenticated exploitation is possible
User interaction
None
Attack complexity
High: exploitation depends on specific conditions
Security boundary
Unchanged: impact remains within the vulnerable component's security authority
Weakness
?CWE means Common Weakness Enumeration: a standard category for the underlying weakness.
CWE-208 ↗

CWE-208: Observable Timing Discrepancy. Two separate operations in a product require different amounts of time to complete, in a way that is observable to an actor and reveals security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.

CVSS vector
?CVSS means Common Vulnerability Scoring System. The vector records the metric values used to calculate technical severity.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N

Common Vulnerability Scoring System 3.1: the compact vector below is decoded into plain language.

AVNetworkAttack vector: The vulnerable component can be reached over a network.ACHighAttack complexity: Successful exploitation depends on specific conditions outside the attacker's direct control.PRNonePrivileges required: The attacker does not need an account or existing privileges.UINoneUser interaction: No action by another user is required.SUnchangedScope: The security impact remains within the vulnerable component's authority.CHighConfidentiality impact: A successful attack can cause a major loss.INoneIntegrity impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.ANoneAvailability impact: No direct loss is represented by this metric.
Post-exploitation / living off the land
No specific living-off-the-land technique is confirmed in the structured sources. Monitor normal administration tools for activity inconsistent with the affected service's baseline.
NetworkUnauthenticatedCWE-208
A

Official authority intelligence

Only matched European and national findings are included. Language selectors and unavailable sources are omitted.

Canadian Centre for Cyber Security · English · AV19-102Linux security advisory

On May 15, 2019, FreeBSD, Debian, and Linux Core released security advisories to address multiple Linux Kernel vulnerabilities. A local attacker could exploit these vulnerabilities to take control of an affected system. Please note that other versions of Linux with the same kernel may also be affected. The vulnerabilities are identified by the following CVE’s:

Official advisory ↗
CERT-FR · French · CERTFR-2020-AVI-004Multiples vulnérabilités dans les produits Fortinet

De multiples vulnérabilités ont été découvertes dans les produits Fortinet. Elles permettent à un attaquant de provoquer un déni de service à distance, un contournement de la politique de sécurité et une atteinte à la confidentialité des données.

Official advisory ↗
JVN iPedia · Japanese · JVNDB-2019-002625WPA3 のプロトコルと実装に複数の脆弱性

WPA3 プロトコルならびに hostapd と wpa_supplicant の実装には複数の脆弱性が存在し、遠隔の攻撃者によって、弱いパスワード情報や権限の取得、ならびにサービス運用妨害 (DoS) 攻撃が行われる可能性があります。これらの脆弱性は "Dragonblood" と呼称されています。 CERT/CC では引き続き WPA3 プロトコルの検証を行っています。今回発見された WPA3 の実装に関する脆弱性はプロトコルの仕様そのものに起因する可能性があります。 WPA3 は鍵交換プロトコルとして、 Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) を採用しています。これは "Dragonfly Key Exchange" とも呼ばれるもので、WPA2 における Pre-Shared Key (PSK) プロトコルの代替として機能しています。hostapd は WPA3 の認証処理におけるアクセスポイントおよび認証サーバの daemon です。また、wpa_supplicant は WPA authenticator (アクセスポイント) との鍵交換処理を実装した supplicant (クライアント) であり、WPA3 をサポートしています。hostapd と wpa_supplicant はともに Extensible Authentication Protocol Password (EAP-PWD) と SAE を実装していますが、下記の脆弱性を含んでいます。 楕円曲線暗号グループ (ECC groups) に対する SAE のキャッシュベースの攻撃 (SAE サイドチャネル攻撃) (CWE-208, CWE-524) - CVE-2019-9494 hostapd と wpa_supplicant における SAE 実装は、観測可能なタイミングの違いならびにキャッシュアクセスのパターンによるサイドチャネル攻撃に対して脆弱です。 楕円曲線暗号グループ (ECC groups) に対する EAP-PWD キャッシュベースの攻撃 (EAP-PWD サイドチャネル攻撃) (CWE-524) - CVE-2019-9495 hostapd と wpa_supplicant における SAE 実装は、キャッシュアクセスのパターンによるサイドチャネル攻撃に対して脆弱です。EAP-PWD をサポートしている hostapd と wpa_supplicant のバージョン 2.7 およびそれ以前が本脆弱性の影響を受けます。 SAE confirm 処理においてメッセージの検証が行われない問題 (CWE-642) - CVE-2019-9496 hostapd プロセスが hostapd/AP モードで動作している際の SAE confirm のメッセージ処理における検証に不備があり、不正な認証シーケンスによって hostapd プロセスが終了してしまう可能性があります。SAE をサポートしている hostapd の全てのバージョンが本脆弱性の影響を受けます。 EAP-PWD リフレクション攻撃 (EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージの検証不備) (CWE-301) - CVE-2019-9497 hostapd (EAP Server) ならびに wpa_supplicant (EAP Peer) における EAP-PWD 実装では、EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージのスカラ値と要素値の検証が行われません。 EAP-PWD Server における EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージの検証不備 (CWE-346) - CVE-2019-9498 hostapd (EAP Server) における EAP-PWD 実装では、ビルドに用いられた暗号ライブラリが EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージの要素値 (EC point) に対する検証処理を実装していない場合に、EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージのスカラ値と要素値の検証が行われません。 EAP-PWD Peer における EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージの検証不備 (CWE-346) - CVE-2019-9499 wpa_supplicant (EAP Peer) における EAP-PWD 実装では、ビルドに用いられた暗号ライブラリが EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージの要素値 (EC point) に対する検証処理を実装していない場合に、EAP-pwd-Commit メッセージのスカラ値と要素値の検証が行われません。

Official advisory ↗
NCSC-NL · Dutch · NCSC-2026-0229Kwetsbaarheden verholpen in Siemens producten

The hostapd and wpa_supplicant 2.9 updates address multiple security vulnerabilities including SAE side-channel attacks, disable Brainpool curve groups, fix PMF bypass issues, and introduce extensive protocol and cryptographic enhancements.

Official advisory ↗
03

Patch and workaround

Operational remediation based on structured source evidence.

Status
?Patch availability is based on structured fixed-version fields and authoritative update references. If no fix is verified, check the vendor advisory before making a change.
Patch available
Affected
Fixed
An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
Action
Review the linked authoritative reference and apply the recorded fixed release appropriate to the affected product branch.
Workaround
No verified workaround is recorded. If business-safe, reduce exposure to the affected interface and allow only trusted sources until authoritative guidance is available.
04

Evidence and provenance

Published 17 Apr 2019 · Last source change 4 Aug 2024, 21:54 UTC · CWE-208 · Observable Timing Discrepancy

CVE recordCVE.org · 5.1
CVSS sourceNIST NVD
EPSS source
?The date BlackTree first stored a score for this CVE from the daily FIRST EPSS feed.
FIRST · tracked since 2026-09-01
European sourceENISA EUVD · EUVD-2019-18868
Product sourceCNA
Remediation sourceCVE/CNA references
CWE sourceCNA
NVD statusNVD modified after enrichment

Core structured fields are present and their contributing authorities are shown above.

Material change intelligence

What changed after publication

View recent updates ↗
  1. ENISA EUVD mappingEUVD-2019-18868 was added to the official ENISA EUVD mapping for this CVE.
    Before
    not recorded
    After
    {"euvdId":"EUVD-2019-18868"}
    ENISA EUVD ↗
  2. Vendor guidanceAuthoritative vendor guidance changed: added patch: w1.fi/2019-1; added remediation: w1.fi/2019-1; removed vendor advisory: lists.fedoraproject.org/56OBBOJJSKRTDGEXZOVFSTP4HDSDBLAE; removed vendor advisory: lists.fedoraproject.org/SVMJOFEYBGXZLFF5IOLW67SSOPKFEJP3; 3 further removals.
    Before
    vendor advisory: lists.fedoraproject.org/56OBBOJJSKRTDGEXZOVFSTP4HDSDBLAE · vendor advisory: lists.fedoraproject.org/SVMJOFEYBGXZLFF5IOLW67SSOPKFEJP3 · vendor advisory: lists.fedoraproject.org/TDOZGR3T7FVO5JSZWK2QPR7AOFIEJTIZ · 2 more references
    After
    patch: w1.fi/2019-1 · remediation: w1.fi/2019-1
    w1.fi ↗
  3. Affected versionsThe structured affected or fixed version information changed.
    Before
    2.7 ≤ 2.7 · Fixed: No fixed version is explicitly recorded in the structured CVE data.
    After
    2.7 ≤ 2.7 · Fixed: An authoritative update reference is available, but the fixed version is not recorded in the structured CVE fields. Check the linked vendor advisory for the applicable release.
    CNA ↗
  4. Remediation statusRemediation status changed from Awaiting fix to Patch available.
    Before
    Awaiting fix
    After
    Patch available
    w1.fi ↗
  5. SeveritySeverity changed from Unknown to Medium.
    Before
    Unknown
    After
    Medium
    NIST NVD ↗
  6. CVSS scoreCVSS score changed from not recorded to 5.9 (CVSS 3.1 · NIST NVD · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N).
    Before
    not recorded
    After
    5.9 (CVSS 3.1 · NIST NVD · CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N)
    NIST NVD ↗
  7. Catalogue recordCVE added to the BlackTree catalogue.
    CNA ↗
Material fields only · duplicate refreshes suppressed · history retained for the configured operational retention period
CVE published
Fixed release or patch reference recorded
ENISA EUVD · EUVD-2019-18868↗CVE authority or vendor reference↗Official CVE record (CNA and ADP data)↗NVD record↗
Technical terms and abbreviations used in this report
CVE
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: the public identifier for one disclosed vulnerability.
CVSS
Common Vulnerability Scoring System: a technical severity framework; it is not patching priority by itself.
EPSS
Exploit Prediction Scoring System: FIRST's estimate of the probability that exploitation activity will be observed in the next 30 days; it is a forecast, not confirmation.
CWE
Common Weakness Enumeration: the standard category describing the underlying software or hardware weakness.
CNA
CVE Numbering Authority: an organisation authorised to assign and publish CVE records.
CISA ADP
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Authorized Data Publisher: structured enrichment added to a CVE record.
NVD
National Vulnerability Database: NIST's enrichment service for CVE records.
CERT / CSIRT
A computer security incident response team that publishes warnings or coordinates incident response.
PoC
Proof of concept: public material that demonstrates or helps reproduce exploitation.
CSAF
Common Security Advisory Framework: a machine-readable format for security advisories.
LoTL
Living off the land: abuse of legitimate tools or system functions during an attack.
Free version - for non-commercial use only.CVE-2019-9494 · cve.blacktree.nl